law复习题答案.docx

law复习题答案.docx

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law复习题答案

Q1:

AccordingtoChurchillandLowe,“therearesignsthattheageofpositivism实证主义ispassing,andthattherigour苛刻withthepositivisttheorytestedputativerulesoflaw被公认的法则againsttherecordedpracticesofStatesisgivingwayto让路analtogetherlooserapproachtodeterminations决心ofnormativity规范性…”

Writeacritique评论oftheabovestatementwithparticularreferencetotheroleofjusnaturale自然法intheevolutionofinternationallaw.

TheDutchlawscholarssubscribestotheviewthatInternationallawcameexclusivelyfromnaturallaw.

Naturallawtraditionpersistedthroughoutthe18thcentury,althoughthemostinfluentialwriters,suchasWolffandVattel,attachedtocustomarylawanimportanceequaltothatofnaturallaw.Butnaturallaw,asapoliticaldoctrine（学说）,waslosingitsinfluenceinthecourseofstrugglesagainstroyalabsolutism,andwasbeingsteadilydisplacedbypoliticaltheoriesbaseduponthenotionofconsensual（在两愿下成立的，交感性的）government,exemplifiedbyRousseau’s“socialcontract”.Ininternationallawthisdevelopmentfoundexpressionintheriseofthepositivistschool,whichregardedthevoluntaryassumptionofobligationsbyStates,asevidencedbytheirpracticeandcontainedintherulesofcustomaryandtreatylaw,asbeingofmoreimmediateimportancethanthedictates（指令）ofnaturallaw.

Thepositivistapproach,withitsemphasisuponwhatStatesactuallydoratherthanuponwhatGreeks,Romans,ProphetsandcommonreasonmighthavethoughtthatStatesshoulddo

Positivismremainstheofficialcreed（信念）ofinternationallawyers,andtheplacefromwhichwemustbegin.

Q2:

“Thediversity多样性ofopiniononwhatismaritimelawisamatterofterminology术语andsemantics语义论ratherthanoneofperception理解.”（Mukherjee,MaritimeLegislationat

Writeacommentaryonvariousapproachestodefiningmaritimelawfromapublicaswellasaprivatelawperspectiveandbyreferencetodifferentlegalsystems.

PublicMaritimelawisgenerallydividedinto2parts-publicinternationallawandregulatorymaritimelow.Thelattermainlyincludestheregulationofsafety,environmentandlabour.

PrivateMaritimelawisbroadlydividedinto2kinds.Onekind,referredtoasadmiraltylawbycommonlawyers,isdirectlyrelatedtoshippingoperations.Theotherkindiscommercialmaritimelaw.Subjectmatterssuchascollisionandsalvagebelongtotheformer;andthosesuchascarriageofgoodsbyseaandmarineinsurancebelongtothelatterkind.Somesubjectmatterssuchasgeneralaverage,arrestofshipsandmaritimeliensandmortgagesdonotneatlyfitintoanysuchcategorization.

Q3:

Writeacomparativeanalysisoftheconceptsofsovereignty主权,sovereignrights主权权利andjurisdiction司法权、管辖权inreferencetothelegalregimes政体ofmaritimezonesunderUNCLOS.

Sovereigntyingeneralinternationallawcanbedescribedasthehighestformofpowerthatacommunityofpeoplecanexercise.Sovereigntyisthehighestformofpoweranditissostrongandsohighininternationallawandcannotbepushthrough.

Sovereignrightsforthepurposeofexploringandexploiting,conservingandmanagingthenaturalresources,whetherlivingornon-living,ofthewaterssuperjacenttotheseabedandoftheseabedanditssubsoil,andwithregardtootheractivitiesfortheeconomicexploitationofthezone,suchastheproductionofenergyfromthewatercurrentsandwinds.

Jurisdictionasprovidedforintherelevantprovisionofthisconventionwithregardto:

1.theestablishmentanduseofartificialislands,installationsandstrucrtures.

2.marinescientificresearch

3.theprotectionandpreservationofthemarineenvironment

Q4:

WhataretheAnnexes附加物totheMARPOLConventionDescribebrieflythemainfeatures特点ofAnnexI.

Annex1RegulationsforthePreventionofPollutionbyOil

Annex2RegulationsfortheControlofPollutionbyNoxiousLiquidSubstancesinBulk

Annex3RegulationsforthePreventionofPollutionbyHarmfulSubstancesCarriedbySeainPackagedForm

Annex4RegulationsforthePreventionofPollutionbySewagefromShips

Annex5RegulationsforthePreventionofPollutionbyGarbagefromShips

Annex6RegulationsforthePreventionofAirPollutionfromShips

Eachannexgoesintotheverydetailsofthestandardsandregulationsmadeintheconferenceagainstthepollutionofasinglespecifickindofcargo.Forexample,annex1ismainlyaboutoilpollutionespeciallyfromtankers.Themajorityregulationsandstandardsweremadefortankers.

OperationalDischargeStandards;annex1includesallthedetailsoftheregulationandstandardsagainstoilpollutionmainlyfromtankers,mostofwhichisoperationaldischargestandards.ODMACS（oildischargemonitoringandcontrolsystem）equipment,cleanballast,preventivemeasuresrelatingtospills;theannexalsopaidmuchattentionontheprovisionofODMACSandtheimplementofcleanballastwaterandpreventivemeasuresrelatingtospills.

Q5:

“Consensusadidem意思一致andconsideration约因；对价arethetwomostimportantelementsofacontract.”

Statewithreasonswhetheryouagreewiththisstatementandexplainthemeaningsoftheseterms.

Iagree.

Acontractisdefinedasanagreementbetweentwoormorepartiesthatislegallybinding.Inorderforanagreementtobelegallybindingtheremustexistthreeessentialingredientsthatareoffer,acceptanceandconsideration.

Consensusadidemmeansthemeetingofthemindswhichisandobjectivetestandevidencedbythebehaviorofconductofthepartiestothetransaction.

Considerationisanexchangeofpromisesormutualpassingofagainandadetrimentbetweentheparties.

Iftherewasnoconsideration,thetransactionmightfallwithinthelawofgiftsorestates,butisnotacontract.Consensusadidemiswherenegotiationstakeplacethroughaprocessofoffersandcounter-offers.Thecontractisconcludedwhenafinalacceptanceisreachedevidencedbyameetingoftheminds.

Q6:

Explainthefollowingtermsinthecontextofvoyagecharters:

Laytime装卸时间

Laytimeshallmeantheperiodoftimeagreedbetweenthepartiesduringwhichtheownerwillmakeandkeepthevesselavailableforloading,ordischargingwithoutpaymentadditionaltothefreight.

Laytimewillbestartedforsometimeafterthemastersubmitthe"Noticeofhandlingready"tothechartererorhisagentandwillbeendedafterthecompletionofloading/dischargingcargo.

Demmurage滞留费

“Demmurage”shallmeananagreedamountpayabletotheownerinrespectofdelaytothevesselbeyondthelaytime,forwhichtheownerisnotresponsible.Demmurageshallnotbesubjecttolaytimeexceptions.

Dispatch速遣费

“Dispatchmoney”or“Dispatch”shallmeananagreedamountpayablebytheownerifthevesselcompletesloadingordischargingbeforethelaytimehasexpired.

Arrivedship到达船舶

“Arrivedship”shallmeanavesselarrivedattheportortheberthwhichisspecifiedinthecontract.

Ifthevoyagecharterpartyisa“PortCharter”,thevesselwillbedeemedtoanarrivedshipwhenitarrivedatthedesignatedport.

Ifthevoyagecharterpartyisa“BerthCharter”,thevesselwillbedeemedtoanarrivedshipwhenitarrivedatthedesignatedberth.

Noticeofreadiness装卸准备完成通知书

“Noticeofreadiness”shallmeanthenoticetocharterer,shipper,receiverorotherpersonasrequiredbythecharterpartythatthevesselhasarrivedattheportorberth,asthecasemaybe,andisreadytoloadordischarge.

Q7:

CharlieCharterercontractedwithOwenOwnertoacquirethevesselLoadonTop顶部装载foravoyagecharter.Onthedateofdelivery,Charliediscoveredthatthevesselputat估量为hisdisposalwastheCrudeOilWash原油洗.ItwasrevealedthatOwenhadbareboatcharteredouttheLoadonToptoDonaldDemiser.Inthecircumstances情况whatlegalremedies法律救济areavailabletoCharlie

1,thecharacterofthiscase:

Hedging,owenisbreachoffraudulenttoCharlie.Aconditionisamajortermofacontract;itsbreachthereforehasmoredrasticconsequences.Thereareso-calledfundamentaltermswhichifbreachedcanbringthecontracttoanend.Afundamentalbreachisabreachthatgoestotherootofacontract.Inthiscase,sinceinvoyagecharter,specificshipisidentifiedbytwoparties,soowenchangetheidentifiedshipisafundamentalbreach.

2,howtoremedies:

RegardingtoTheremedyforabreachofcondition,damagesandrescissionareavailable.IfCharliewantstocontinuethecontract,hecanusecrudeoilwash,butowenneedtopaythedamagesforthedamagesufferedbycharlie.IfCharliedoesnotwanttocontinuethecontract,hecangetrecession.Atthistime,owenneedtopaytheextracostofchangetheship,suchasmarketpricechange.Alldamagesbaseonthepredictedlossrelatedtocharlie’stradecontract.

Q8:

“ThebillofladingisnothingmorethanadeviceusedincommercialmaritimelawandPracticetotransfertitlefrombuyertosellerandistheonlysuchdeviceavailableininternationaltrade.

Writeacommentaryontheabovestatementbyreferencetoarecentcase.

Thenormalmeaningofthe“Billsoflading”isadocumentevidencingtheloadingofgoodsonaship,itisareceiptsignedbyoronbehalfofthecarrierandissuedtotheshipperacknowledgingthatgoodsdescribedinthebillofladinghavebeenshippedinaparticularvesseltoaspecifieddestination,orhavebeenreceivedintheshipowner’scustodyforshipment.Itisalsoregardedasmemorandumofthetermsandconditionsofthecontractofcarriage.Asmostmodernbillofladingisanegotiableinstrumentthatendorsementcantransfertherightoftitleofthesaidgoodfromoneholdertoanotherforvaluableconsideration,theB/Lisregardedasadeviceusedincommercialmaritimelawandpracticetotra