全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析.docx

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析.docx

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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析

2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1（10points）

Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,

thisislargelybecause,

animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare

toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,

themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,

weareextremelysensitivetosmells,

wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof

humansmellsevenwhentheseare

tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.

Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,

othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate

smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend

tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell

cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen

toitoftenenough.

Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit

tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan

newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay

explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells—wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot

oftheusualsmellofourownhouse,butwe

newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors

forunfamiliarandemergencysignals

thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.

1.[A]although[B]as[C]but（C）[D]while

2.[A]above[B]unlike[C]excluding（B）[D]besides

3.[A]limited[B]committed[C]dedicated（A）[D]confined

4.[A]catching[B]ignoring[C]missing（C）[D]tracking

5.[A]anyway[B]though[C]instead（B）[D]therefore

6.[A]evenif[B]ifonly[C]onlyif（A）[D]asif

7.[A]distinguishing[B]discovering[C]determining（D）[D]detecting

8.[A]diluted[B]dissolved[C]dispersed（A）[D]diffused

9.[A]when[B]since[C]for（D）[D]whereas

10.[A]unusual[B]particular[C]unique（B）[D]typical

11.[A]signs[B]stimuli[C]messages（C）[D]impulses

12.[A]atfirst[B]atall[C]atlarge（A）[D]attimes

13.[A]subjected[B]left[C]drawn（D）[D]exposed

14.[A]ineffective[B]incompetent[C]inefficient（C）[D]insufficient

15.[A]introduce[B]summon[C]trigger（D）[D]create

16.[A]still[B]also[C]otherwise（B）[D]nevertheless

17.[A]sure[B]sick[C]aware（C）[D]tired

18.[A]tolerate[B]repel[C]neglect（D）[D]notice

19.[A]available[B]reliable[C]identifiable（A）[D]suitable

20.[A]similarto[B]suchas[C]alongwith（B）[D]asidefrom

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1（40points）

Text1

Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohuman,”withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.

Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.

SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’sandDr.deWaal’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.

Intheworldofcapuchins,grapesareluxurygoods（andmuchpreferabletocucumbers）.Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber（withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit）wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.

Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.

21.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby________.

[A]posingacontrast

[B]justifyinganassumption

[C]makingacomparison（C）

[D]explainingaphenomenon

22.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”（Lastline,Paragraphl）impliesthat________.

[A]monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals

[B]resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys’nature

[C]monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother（B）

[D]noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions

23.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare________.

[A]moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget

[B]attentivetoresearchers’instructions

[C]niceinbothappearanceandtemperament（A）

[D]moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions

24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys________.

[A]prefergrapestocucumbers

[B]canbetaughttoexchangethings

[C]willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated（C）

[D]areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers

25.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

[A]Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.

[B]Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.

[C]Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.（B）

[D]Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.

Text2

Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’tknowforsure?

Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?

Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?

LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.

Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarth’satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel’sreport:

“Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.”

Justasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit’sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:

bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.

Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch--aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis.”

Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustry,isapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.

26.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat________.

[A]therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath

[B]thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant

[C]peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife（C）

[D]antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense

27.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas________.

[A]aprotector

[B]ajudge

[C]acritic（D）

[D]aguide

28.Whatdoestheau