川农考博英语180英语概要1.docx

川农考博英语180英语概要1.docx

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川农考博英语180英语概要1

川农考博英语180英语2003概要1

四川农业大学2003年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题

科目名称,180英语（总分:

100分）适用专业,各专业

考生注意:

答案必需写在答题纸上，否则无效～本试题随同答题纸交回～

PartIReadingComprehension（40points）

Directions:

Thereare8readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushouldchoosethebestoneandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.

Passage1

Electronicsworksasaslaveonthesea-bedandinspace;inmarketingandonthemoon;inhospitalsandontheracetrack.Andyetthisrevolutiononlybeganwiththethermionicvalve,developedaftertheWrightbrothersfirstprovedthatheavier-than-airmachinescouldfly.Radiowasthefirstpracticalandcommercialdevelopment,thesecondleapforwardcamein1947withthemorematuresemiconductortechnology.Thencameanewworldofsolidstatedevicesonaminiaturescale,offeringunparalleledbenefitsofspeedandcost.

Pre-transistorequipmentisnowviewedascrudeandclumsy,yetitmanagestoproducesuchfar-reachingtechniquesasradar.Computersmadebeforethetransistorwereelementary,enormousandslowbymodernstandards.Therevolutionreacheditspeakinthelate1950s,withthesuccessfulbreakthroughintotheworldofmicro-electronics.Thisisanewseriesofmicro-miniatureelectronicdevicesinthesolidstate,offeringalmostlimitlessscopeindesigningandproducingcompletecircuitsonatinychipofsilicon,notmuchbiggerthanapin-head.However,theconventionaltechnologyoftheday----basedonthetransistor----hadbeendevelopedtoquiteasophisticatedlevel.Thusitwaspossibletofitessentialelectronicstoearthsatellitesandspaceprobes,totakethecomputertoamoreadvancedstageandtostartanentirelynewindustry.Todaymicro-electronicsstandsasthefoundationoftheindustry’stotalfuture,offeringvastpotentialities.Thesceneinthenextcenturycannotbepreciselypredicted,butclearlytheeffortsofthisindustrywillbeaimedatmakinglifeeasier.Advancedelectroniccontroltechniqueswilltakethedrudgeryoutofmostwork;thefactoryandofficewilllargelybethearenaofautomationandevenhouseworkwillbemoreaquestionofefficientprogramming,ratherthanoftediouschores.

Thisoutlookposessomeofthelargestproblemsthatthisrelativelyyoungindustryhashadtoface.Untilrecently,theelectronicsindustryhasbeenmoreconcernedwithdevelopingthetechnology.Nowmanyoftheapplicationsdictatethetechnology.Yesterdayitwashardtoimagineanotherbreakthroughasimportantasthesiliconintegratedcircuit----todayweareenteringanewworld----theworldofthemicroprocessor,justfifteenyearsaftertheindustrycametoadolescence.

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1.Howarethepre-transistorcomputersviewednow?

a.Pre-transistorcomputersarenowviewedascrudeandclumsy.

b.Pre-transistorcomputersmanagedtoproducefar-reachingtechniques.

c.Pre-transistorcomputersarenowviewedaselementary,enormousandslow.

d.Pre-transistorcomputersaremowviewedasmodernandadvanced.

2.Whendidmicro-electronicscomeintobeing?

a.In1947.

b.Inthelate1950s.

c.Whenanewworldofsolidstatedevicesonaminiaturescalecame.

d.Whencomputersweremade.

3.Whatarethedifferentstagesofthedevelopmentofelectronics?

a.Thermionicvalve----semicondutor----solidstatedevices----microprocessor.

b.Solidstatedevices----micro-electronics----integratedcircuit.

c.Thermionicvalve----micro-electronics----integratedcircuit.

d.Thermionicvalve----solidstatedevices----micro-electronics----microprocessor.

4.Whatisthelatestdevelopmentofelectronics?

a.Theworldofthemicroprocessor.

b.Thesiliconintegratedcircuit.

c.Thecompletecircuitsonatinychipofsilicon.

d.Efficientprogramming.

5.Whatisthebesttitleforthearticle?

a.TheAdvancedIndustryofElectronics.

b.TheRoleoftheElectronics

c.ProblemsPosedbyElectronics.

d.TheYoungIndustryofElectronics.

Passage2

Canacomputerthink?

Thaidependsonwhatyoumeanby“think”.Ifsolvingamathematicalproblemis“thinking”,thenacomputercan“think”anddosomuchfasterthanaman.Ofcourse,mostmathematicalproblemscanbesolvedquitemechanicallybyrepeatingcertainstraightforwardprocessesoverandoveragain.Eventhesimplecomputersoftodaycanbegearedforthat.

Itisfrequentlysaidthatcomputerssolveproblemsonlybecausetheyare“programmed”todoso.Theycanonlydowhatmenhavethemdo.Onemustrememberthathumanbeingsalsocanonlydowhattheyare“programmed”todo.Ourgenes

“program”ustheinstantthefertilizedovumisformed,andourpotentialitiesarelimitedbythat“program”.

Our“program”issomuchmoreenormouslycomplex,though,thatwemightliketodefine“thinking”intermsofthecreativitythatgoesintowritingagreatplayorcomposing

agreatsymphony,inconceivingabrilliantscientifictheoryoraprofoundethicaljudgment.Inthatsense,computerscertainlycan’tthinkandneithercanmosthumans.

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Surely,though,ifacomputercanbemadecomplexenough,itcanbemadeascreativeaswe.Ifitcouldbeascomplexasahumanbrain,itcouldbetheequivalentofahumanbrainanddowhateverahumanbraincando.

Tosupposeanythingelseistosupposethatthereismoretothehumanbrainthanthematterthatcomposesit.Thebrainismadeupofcellsinacertainarrangementandthecellsaremadeupofatomsandmoleculesincertainarrangements.Ifanythingelseisthere,nosignsofithaveeverbeendetected.Toduplicatethematerialcomplexityofthebrainistoduplicateeverythingaboutit.

Buthowlongwillittaketobuildacomputercomplexenoughtoduplicatethehumanbrain?

Perhapsnotaslongassomethink.Longbeforeweapproachanythingascomplexasourbrain,wewillperhapsbuildacomputerthatisatleastcomplexenoughtodesignanothercomputermorecomplexthanitself.Thismorecomplexcomputercoulddesignonestillmorecomplexandsoon.

Inotherwords,oncewepassacertaincriticalpoint,thecomputerstakeoverandthereisa“complexityexplosion”.Inaveryshorttimethereafter,computersmayexistthatnotonlyduplicatethehumanbrain----butfarsurpassit.

6.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

a.HowtoDuplicateHumanBrains?

b.CanaComputerThink?

c.HowDoesaComputerSolveaMathematicalProblem?

d.HowDoHumanBeingsThink?

7.Whatdoesthepassagetellusaboutcomputersoftoday?

a.Unlikehumanbeings,theyhavetobeprogrammedbeforetheycando

anything.

b.Theyareascomplexashumans.

c.Theyaretheequivalentsofhumanbrains.

d.Theycanduplicatehumanbrains.

8.Inwhatsensedoesthewriterthinkthathumansareprogrammed?

a.Theyaredifferentfromeachother.

b.Ourpotentialitiesarelimitedbythat“program”.

c.Theircharacteristics,powers,etc.arefixedbeforebirth.

d.Weshoulddefine“thinking”intermsofcreativity.

9.Whatdoesthewriterthinkaboutthehumanbrain?

a.Itisaverycomplexarrangementofatomsandmoleculesincells.

b.Itismadeupofcellsinacertainarrangement.

c.Itismorecomplexthancomputer,soitcandoeverythingacomputercando.

d.Itismadeupofatomsandmolecules.

10.Asitisusedinthesecondparagraphofthepassage,whatdoestheword“ovum”

mean?

a.Cellb.Molecules

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c.Germ.d.Afemalegermorsexcell.

Passage3

InNovember1965,NewYorkwasblackedoutbyanelectricityfailure.Theauthoritiespromisedthatitwouldnothappenagain.Pessimistswerecertainthatitwouldoccurwithinfiveyearsatthelatest.InJuly1977,therewasarepeatperformancewhichproducedvaryingdegreesofchaosthroughoutthecityofeightmillionpeople.In1965,thefailureoccurredinthecoolautumnandatatimeofcomparativeprosperity.In1977,thedisasterwasmuchmoreseriousbecauseitcamewhenunemploymentwashighandthecitywassufferingfromoneofitsworstheatwaves.

In1965,therewaslittlecrimeorlootingduringthedarkness,andfewerthanahundredpeoplewerearrested.In1977,hundredsofstoreswerebrokenintoandlooted.Looterssmashedshopwindowsandhelpedthemselvestojewelry,clothesortelevisionsets.Nearly4000peoplewerearrestedbutfarmoredisappearedintothedarknessofthenight.Thenumberofpolicemenavailablewasquiteinadequateandtheywiselyrefrainedfromusingtheirgunsagainstmobswhichfaroutnumberedthemandincludedarmedmen.

Hospitalshadtotreathundredsofpeoplecutbyglassfromshopwindows.Banksandmostbusinessesremainedclosedthenextday.Theblackoutstartedat9:

30p.m.,whenlightninghitknockedoutvitalcables.Manystoreswerethuscaughtbysurprise.

ThevastmajorityofNewYorkers,however,werenotinvolvedinlooting.Theyhelpedstrangers,distributedcandlesandbatteries,andtriedtosurviveinanightmareworldwithouttrafficlights,refrigerators,elevators,waterandelectricalpower.Fortwenty-fourhours,NewYorkrealizedhowhelplessitwaswithoutelectricity.

11.Lookatthefirstparagraph,Whowereright:

theauthoritiesorthepessimists?

a.Theauthorities.b.Bothc.Thepessimists.d.Neither

12.Inwhatwaywastheblackoutof1977notreallyarepeatperformance?

a.Therewasmuchmoredisorder.

b.Thistimetheelectricitysupplyfailed.

c.Itwasquiteunexpected.

d.Itdidnotoccurwithinfiveyearsof1965.

13.WhatcausedtheblackoutinJuly1977?

a.Excessiveheatprobablymadepeopleswitchontoomanyelectrical

appliances.

b.Becauseofunemployment,somema