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InterculturalCommunicationstudent
InterculturalCommunication
Lecture1-Introduction
1.Necessityoflearningthiscourse
●Ourglobalvillage:
Iftheworldwasavillageof1,000people:
Inthevillagewouldbe:
590Asians
123Africans
95Europeans
84LatinAmericans
55FormerSovietUnionMembers
53NorthAmericans
Theywouldspeak:
155Mandarin53Russian26Malay-Indonesian
80English35Arabic21German
63Hindi33Bengali22Japanese
61Spanish31Portuguese22French
398Otherlanguages
Therewouldbe:
329Christians(187Catholics,67Protestants,75others)
178Muslims60Buddhists301Nonreligious,orothers
●Challengeoflivinginaculturemixing
Father,Mother,andMe,
SisterandAuntiesay
Allthepeoplelikeusarewe,
AndeveryoneelseisThey.
AndTheyliveoverthesea,
WhileWeliveovertheway,
But----wouldyoubelieveit?
----
TheylookuponWe
AsonlyasortofThey!
Allgoodpeopleagree,
Andallgoodpeoplesay,
Allnicepeople,likeUs,areWe
AndeveryoneelseisThey:
Butifyoucrossoverthesee,
Insteadofovertheway,
Youmayendby(thinkofit!
)
lookingonWe
AsonlyasortofThey!
----Source:
RudyardKipling,“WeandThey”
2.ApproachestoStudyofInterculturalCompetence
●Thetraitapproach
●Theperceptualapproach
●Thebehavioralapproach
●Theculture-specificapproach
2.1Thetraitapproach
●Itattemptstoidentifythekindsofpersonalitycharacteristicsandindividualtraitsthatallowapersontoavoidfailureandachievesuccessininterculturalencounters.
●Thosewhohaveexploredthisapproachhaveexaminedsuchcharacteristicsasflexibilityinthinking,world-mindness(whichisapositiveattitudetowardpeopleofothercultures),psychologicalandsocialadjustmentinone’sownculture,andrelativisticvalues(whichmeansnotbeingtoorigidaboutthe“correctness”ofone’svalue).
●Afailedapproach
2.2Theperceptualapproach
●Itattemptstoidentifyclustersofattitudesorperceptionsthatarerelatedtointerculturalcompetence:
theabilitytodealwithpsychologicalstress,tocommunicateeffectively,andtoestablishinterpersonalrelationships
●Thisapproachunderscorestheimportanceoftheemotionalormotivationaldimensionintheskillfulenactmentofcompetentbehaviors.
2.3Thebehavioralapproach
●Itsuggeststhatitisnecessarytogobeyondwhatpeoplethinktheywilldoininterculturalinteractionsandobservewhattheyactuallydo.
●Interculturalculturalcompetence,fromthisperspective,isbeststudiedbylookingatspecificcommunicationbehaviorsduringinterculturalinteractions.
●Specificbehaviorsnecessaryforinterculturalcompetencewillbediscussedbrieflyinthefollowinglectures.
2.4Theculture-specificapproach
●Alltheabovethreeapproachesareculture-generalexplanationsbecausetheyassumethatregardlessoftheculturesrepresentedinainteraction,genericcharacteristicsorskillsassociatedwithinterculturalcompetencewillapply.
●Withculture-specificapproach,onecandeterminehowwellaparticularpersonadaptsherorhiscommunicationbehaviorstothespecificrulesofinteractionofaparticularculture.
●Thisapproachemphasizesaperson’sknowledgeofparticularculturesandwhatbehaviorsareconsideredappropriatewithinthem.
2.5Summary
●Thefourapproachestointerculturalcompetence,takentogether,suggestthatinterculturalcommunicationisacomplexphenomenon.
●Moreimportantly,theyalsosuggestthattoachieveinterpersonalcompetenceininteractionswithpeoplefromdifferentcultures,avarietyofpersonalandinterpersonalcomponentsmustbeconsidered.
Lecture2Culture
1Whatisculture?
●Definitionofculturearenumerous.
●In1952,AlfredL.KroeberandClydeKluckhohnpublishedabookwithover200pages(Alistof164differentdefinitionsofculture)devotedtodifferentdefinitionsoftheterm.
●Afuzzysetofattitudes,beliefs,behavioralnorms,andbasicassumptionsandvaluesthataresharedbyagroupofpeople,andthatinfluenceeachmember'sbehaviorandhis/herinterpretationofthemeaningofotherpeople'sbehavior.
2FeaturesofCulture(4’)
●Cultureislearned
✓Peoplelearnabouttheirculturethroughinteractionswithparents,otherfamilymembers,friends,andevenstrangerswhoarepartoftheculture.
✓Cryingornotcrying?
Quietortalkative?
✓Makedecisionatanearlyageortelling?
●Cultureinvolvesbeliefs,valuesandnorms
✓Beliefs:
basicunderstandingaboutwhattheworldislikeorwhatistrueorfalse;
✓Values:
whatisgoodorbad;
✓Norms:
rulesforappropriatebehavior.
●Cultureisasetofsharedperceptions
✓Culturesexistinthemindsofpeople
●Cultureaffectsbehavior
✓Guidelinesaboutwhatthingsmean,whatisimportant,andwhatshouldorshouldnotbedone.
●Cultureinvolveslargegroupsofpeople
3ForcesCreateCulturalDifferences
●Whyarenotallculturesalike?
●Whydoculturesdevelopcertainfeatures?
●Whydoculturescommunicateastheydo?
●Whyaretheychanging?
3.1History
●Historicaldevelopmentcontributestoculturaldifferences.
✓BlackDeathinEurope
●late14thcentury,killing1/3to1/2oftheEuropeanpopulation;increaseinpopulation
✓EconomicDepressionof1929intheUS
✓AmericanWesternmovement
✓China’sCulturalRevolution?
✓InvasionofAnglo-SaxonintoGreatBritain?
✓Makedecisionatanearlyageortelling?
3.2Ecology
●Theexternalenvironmentinwhichtheculturelivesistheculture’secology.
●Itincludessuchphysicalforcesastheoverallclimate,thechangingweatherpatterns,theprevailingland,etc.
●Itusuallyremainshiddentothemembersofaculture.
✓Warmweatherclimates:
High-contactcultures;highlevelofinvolvementandcloserphysicaldistancesincommunication
✓Coldweatherclimates:
Low-contactcultures;lessverballydramatic,lesssociallyisolated,lessauthoritarian,moretolerantorambiguity,morelikelytoavoidtouchingothersinsocialsituations,andlowerinfeelingsofself-importanceorself-worth.
✓Thisisbecause:
Theyneedtomaintainflexibilitytodealwithanambiguousandunpredictableenvironment,cooperatedwithotherstostaveoffthewindandtheweather,andrecognizehowpunyhumansarewhencomparedtosuchpowerfulforcesasicestormsandsnowdrifts.
✓Americanwesternization;ChinaandBritain’sisolation;Japan,etc.
3.3Technology
●Microchip?
Cyberculture=Americanculture?
●Media?
✓Mediaareresponsibleforintroducingideasfromoneculturetoanotherrapidly,inamatterofweeksorless.
✓Mediatechnologiesinfluencepeople’sperceptionsaboutothercultures.
✓InfluenceofMetroGarden?
Koreanserials?
✓Towhatextenddomediaprogramsaccuratelyreflectacultureanditsmembers?
✓Media-generatedstereotypes?
3.4Biology
Itisthefactorwhichleadstoleastculturaldifferences.
●TypeBblood:
AsianandAfricanraces
Rhnegativeblood:
Europeans
●Onecontroversialtheoryabouthumanbiologicaldifferences:
AllhumanscantracetheirancestrybacktothegenesofasingleAfricanwoman,wholivedbetween166,000and249,000yearsago.
●About25%ofthegenesofAfricanAmericanscomefromwhiteancestors,andnumerousAfricanAmericanshaveNativeAmericanancestryaswell.
●Upto5%ofthegenesofEuropeanAmericanscomefromblackancestors.
3.5InstitutionalNetworks
●Theyaretheformalorganizationsinsocietiesthatstructureactivitiesforlargenumbersofpeople.
●Theseincludegovernment,education,religion,work,professionalassociations,andevensocialorganizations.
3.6InterpersonalCommunicationPatterns
●Verbal&Nonverbal
●Parents,siblings,peers,teachers,relatives,neighbors,employers,authorityfigures,andothersocialcontacts.
●Theyprovidemessagesaboutthepreferredwaysofthinking,feeling,perceiving,andactinginrelationtoproblemswithwhichtheculturemustcope.
✓e.g.:
“Godispunishingthepeoplebecausetheyhavedisobeyed”;“Disasterssuchasthisonehappenbecauseofcyclonicstormsthatareunrelatedtohumanactions.”
✓US:
Itisappropriatetolivehundredsofmilesfromhomeifdoingsowillallowthemtopursuethebesteducation.
✓Mexico:
Familyrelationshipsaremoreimportantthanindividualachievement.
4InterrelatednessofCulturalForces
●Eachcultureislikearichandcomplexstewthathasbeencookedveryslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Thoughallstewshavecertaincommonalities,eachstartsfromdifferentvarietiesofthesameingredients,usesdifferentspices,andisproducedunderdifferentcookingconditions.Thus,eventhesamenewingredient,suchastheintroductionofanewvarietyofriceseedintodifferentcultures,willproducedifferentconsequencesoroutcomesineachculture.
●Populationreduction:
InIrish:
Catholic,artificialmethodsofbirthcontrolwereunacceptable,notmarrybeforetheageofabout30.
InIndiaataboutthesametime:
averagelifeexpectancywasabout28years,preferredmarriageagewasaround12or13.
5CulturalDifferencesandInterculturalCompetence
●Ethnocentrism
E.G.:
BeliefsofBodyodor:
◆USAmericansspendlargesumsofmoneytoridthemselvesofnaturalbodyodor;
◆Arabic:
lettingotherstosmellyourbodyodorisawaytoshowrespecttoothers;
◆Chinese?
●Thecompetentinterculturalcommunicatorsdonotnecessarilysuppressnegativefeelings,butacknowledgestheirexistenceandseekstominimizetheireffectonherorhiscommunication.
6.UnderlyingDimensionsofCulture
Culturecanbe'orderedinto'layers,likeanonion,whereonepeelhastobetakenoffinordertoseethefollowinglayer.
7.