托福听力文稿.docx
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托福听力文稿
I-01-1
(man)Communityserviceisanimportantcomponentofeducationhereatouruniversity.Weencourageallstudentstovolunteerforatleastonecommunityactivitybeforetheygraduate.Anewcommunityprogramcalled"OneOnOne"helpselementarystudentswho'vefallenbehind.Youeducationmajorsmightbeespeciallyinterestedinbecauseitofferstheopportunitytodosometeaching-thatis,tutoringinmathandEnglish.
You'dhavetovolunteertwohoursaweekforonesemester.Youcanchoosetohelpachildwithmath,English,orboth.Half-hourlessonsarefine,soyoucoulddoahalfhourofeachsubjecttwodaysaweek.
ProfessorDodgewillactasamentortothetutors-he'llbeavailabletohelpyouwithlessonplansortooffersuggestionsforactivities.HehasofficehourseveryTuesdayandThursdayafternoon.Youcansignupfortheprogramwithhimandbeginthetutoringnextweek.
I'msureyou'llenjoythiscommunityservice...andyou'llgainvaluableexperienceatthesametime.Itlooksgoodonyourresume,too-showingthatyou'vehadexperiencewithchildrenandthatyoucareaboutyourcommunity.Ifyou'dliketosignup,orifyouhaveanyquestions,stopbyProfessionDodge'sofficethisweek.
I-01-2
(woman)Ihopeyou'veallfinishedreadingtheassignedchapteroninsurance-sothatyou'repreparedforourdiscussiontoday.But,beforewestart,I'dliketomentionafewthingsyourtextdoesn'tgointo.
It'sinterestingtonotethatinsurancehasexistedinsomeformforaverylongtime.Theearliestinsurancepolicieswerecalledbottomrycontracts.Theyprovidedshippingprotectionformerchantsasfarbackas3000B.C.
Ingeneral,thecontractswereoftennomorethanverbalagreements.Theygrantedloanstomerchantswiththeunderstandingthanifaparticularshipmentofgoodswaslostatsea,theloandidn'thavetoberepaid.Interestontheloansvariedaccordingtohowriskyitwastotransportthegoods.Duringperiodsofheavypiracyatsea,forexample,theamountofinterestandthecostofthepolicywentupconsiderably.
So,youcanseehowinsurancehelpedencourageinternationaltrade.Eventhemostcautiousmerchantsbecamewillingtoriskshippingtheirgoodsoverlongdistances-nottomentioninhazardousweatherconditions-whentheyhadthiskindofprotectionavailable.
Generallyspeaking,thebasicformofaninsurancepolicyhasbeenprettymuchthesamesincetheMiddleAges.Therearefourpointsthatweresalientthenandremainparamountinallpoliciestoday.Therewereoutlinedinchaptersixandwillserveasthebasisfortherestoftheoftoday'sdiscussion.Cananyonetellmewhatoneofthosepointsmightbe?
I-01-3
(man)LocatedattheNASAResearchCenterinIowaisa5,000-gallonvatofwater,andinsidethetankisanunderwatertreadmilldesignedbyDavaNewman,anaerospaceengineer.ForfouryearsNewmanobservedscubadiversastheysimulatedwalkingontheMoonandonMarsonherunderwatermovingbelt.ShewantedtodiscoverhowthegravityoftheMoonandofMarswouldaffecthumanmovement.
Todothis,Newmanattachedweightstothediversandthenloweredthemintothetankandontothetreadmill.TheseweightswerecarefullyadjustedsothatthediverscouldexperienceunderwaterthegravityoftheMoonandofMarsastheywalkedonthetreadmill.NewmanconcludedthatwalkingonMarswillprobablybeeasierthanwalkingontheMoon.TheMoonhaslessgravitythanMarsdoes,soatlunargravity,thediversstruggledtokeeptheirbalanceandwalkedawkwardly.ButatMartiangravity,thedivershadgreatertractionandstabilityandcouldeasilyadjusttoapaceof1.5milesperhour.AsNewmangraduallyincreasedthespeedofthetreadmill,thediverstooklonger,gracefulstridesuntiltheycomfortablysettledintoanevenquickerpace.NewmanalsonotedthatatMartiangravity,thediversneededlessoxygen.
ThedataNewmancollectedwillhelpinthefuturedesignofMartianspacesuits.Comparedtolunarspacesuits,Martianspacesuitswillrequiresmallerairtanks;and,toallowforfreermovement,theelbowandkneeareasofthespacesuitswillalsobealtered.
Goodevening.MynameisPamJones,andonbehalfoftheModernDanceclub
I-02-1
(man)WelcometoEvergladesNationalPar.TheEvergladesisawateryplaincoveredwithsawgrassthat'shometonumerousspeciesofplantsandwildlife.Atoneandahalfmillionacres,it'stoobigtoseeitalltoday,butthistourwillofferyouagoodsampling.OurtourbuswillstopfirstatTaylorSlough.Thisisagoodplacetostartbecauseit'shometomanyoftheplantsandanimalstypicallyassociatedwiththeEverglades.You'llseemanyexoticbirdsand,ofcourse,ourworldfamousalligators.Don'tworry,there'saboardwalkthatgoesacrossthemarshsoyoucanlookdownattheanimalsinthewaterfromasafedistance.Theboardwalkishighenoughtogiveyouagreatviewofthesawgrassprairie.Fromtherewe'llheadtosomeothermarshyandevenjungle-likeareasthatfeaturewonderfultropicalplantlife.
Forthoseofyouwho'dlikeacloserviewofthesawgrassprairie,youmightconsiderrentingacanoesometimeduringyourvisithere.However,don'tdothisunlessyouhaveaverygoodsenseofdirectionandcannegotiateyourwaythroughtallgrass.We'dhatetohavetocomelookingforyou.
Youhavethegoodfortuneofbeinghereinthewinter-thebesttimeofyeartovisit.Duringthespringandsummerthemosquitoeswilljustabouteatyoualive!
Rightnowthey'renotsobothersome,butyou'llstillwanttouseaninsectrepellent.
I-02-2
(woman)Thankyou.It'sgreattoseesomanyofyouinterestedinthisserieson"SurvivalinOuterSpace."Pleaseexcusethecameras-we'rebeingvideotapedforthelocalTVstations.
TonightI'mgoingtotalkaboutthemostbasicaspectofsurvival-thespacesuit.Whenmostofyouimagineanastronaut,that'sprobablythefistthingthatcomestomind,right?
Well,withoutspacessuits,itwouldnotbepossibleforustosurviveinspace.Forexample,outerspaceisavacuum-there'snogravityorairpressure;withoutprotection,abodywouldexplode.What'smore,we'dcookinthesunorfreezeintheshade-withtemperaturesrangingfromatoasty300degreesabovetoacool300degreesbelowzeroFahrenheit.
ThespacesuitthatNASAhasdevelopedistrulyamarvel.Thisphotoenlargementhereisalife-sizeimageofanactualspacesuitwornbyastronautsonthelastspaceshuttlemission.Thispastisthetorso-it'smadeofsevenextremelydurablelayers.Thisthickinsulationprotectsagainsttemperatureextremesandradiation.Nextiswhattheycalla"bladder"ofoxygen-that'saninflatablesac,filledwithoxygen,tosimulateatmosphericpressure.ThisbladderpressesagainstthebodywiththesameforceastheEarth'satmosphereatsealevel.Theinnermostlayersprovideliquidcoolingandventilation.Despiteallthelayers,thesuitisflexible,allowingfreemovementsowecanwork.
Anotherreallysophisticatedpartofthespacesuitisthehelmet.Ibroughtonealongtoshowyou.CanIhaveavolunteercomeanddemonstrate?
I-02-3
(woman)Goodevening.MynameisPamJones,andonbehalfoftheModernDanceclub,I'dliketowelcomeyoutotonight'sprogram.TheclubispleasedtopresenttheTVversionofTheCatherineWheel,TwylaTharp'srockballet.Thisvideoversionoftheballethasbeenevenmoresuccessfulwithaudiencesthantheoriginaltheaterproduction----itincludessomeanimation,slowmotion,andstop-actionfreezesthatreallyhelptheaudienceunderstandthedance.
ThetitleofthepiecereferstoSaintCatherine,whodiedonawheelin307A.D.Nowadays,aCatherinewheelisalsoakindoffirework----itlookssomethinglikeapinwheel.Anyway,thedanceiscertainlyfulloffireworks!
You'llseehowTwylaTharpexploresonefamily'sattempttoconfronttheviolenceinmodernlife.Thecentralsymboloftheworkisapineapple...butexactlywhatitrepresentshasalwayscreatedalotofcontroversy.Asyouwatch,seeifyoucanfigureitout.
Themusicforthispieceisfulloftherhythmicenergyofrockmusic.ItwascomposedbyDavidByrne...oftherockbandTalkingHeads?
AndtheleaddancerinthisversionwasSaraRudner,whoisperfectlysuitedtoTharp'sadventurouschoreography.
Followingthevideo,danceteacherMaryParkerwillleadadiscussionaboutthesymbolismMs.Tharpused.Wehopeyoucanstayforthat.So,enjoytonight'svideo...andthankyouforyoursupport.
I-03-1
(woman)Inourlabtoday,we'llbetestingthehypothesisthatbabiedcancountasearlyasfivemonthsofage.Thesixbabiesherearealllessthansixmonthsold.You'llbewatchingthemonclosed-circuitTVandmeasuringtheirresponses.
Theexperimentisbasedonthewell-establishedobservationthatbabiesstarelongeriftheydon'tseewhattheyexpecttosee.First,we'regoingtolettwodollsmoveslowlyinfrontofthebabies.Thebabieswillseethetwodollsdisappearbehindascreen.Yourjobistorecord,inseconds,howlongthebabiesstareatthedollswhenthescreenisremoved.
Inthenextstage,twodollswillagainmoveinfrontofthebabiesanddisappear.Butthenathirddollwillfollow.Whenthescreenisremoved,thebabieswillonlyseetwodolls.Ifwe'reright,thebabieswillnowstarelongerbecausetheyexpectthreedollsbutonlyseetwo.
Itseemsremarkabletothinkthatsuchyoungchildrencancount.Myownresearchhasconvincedmethattheyhavethisabilityfrombirth.Butwhethertheydoornot,perhapsweshouldraiseanotherquestion---shouldwetakeadvantageofthisabilitybyteachingchildrenmathematicsatsuchayoungage?
Theyhavegreatuntappedpotential,butisitgoodforparentstopressure