托福听力文稿.docx

托福听力文稿.docx

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托福听力文稿

I-01-1

（man）Communityserviceisanimportantcomponentofeducationhereatouruniversity.Weencourageallstudentstovolunteerforatleastonecommunityactivitybeforetheygraduate.Anewcommunityprogramcalled"OneOnOne"helpselementarystudentswho'vefallenbehind.Youeducationmajorsmightbeespeciallyinterestedinbecauseitofferstheopportunitytodosometeaching-thatis,tutoringinmathandEnglish.

You'dhavetovolunteertwohoursaweekforonesemester.Youcanchoosetohelpachildwithmath,English,orboth.Half-hourlessonsarefine,soyoucoulddoahalfhourofeachsubjecttwodaysaweek.

ProfessorDodgewillactasamentortothetutors-he'llbeavailabletohelpyouwithlessonplansortooffersuggestionsforactivities.HehasofficehourseveryTuesdayandThursdayafternoon.Youcansignupfortheprogramwithhimandbeginthetutoringnextweek.

I'msureyou'llenjoythiscommunityservice...andyou'llgainvaluableexperienceatthesametime.Itlooksgoodonyourresume,too-showingthatyou'vehadexperiencewithchildrenandthatyoucareaboutyourcommunity.Ifyou'dliketosignup,orifyouhaveanyquestions,stopbyProfessionDodge'sofficethisweek.

I-01-2

（woman）Ihopeyou'veallfinishedreadingtheassignedchapteroninsurance-sothatyou'repreparedforourdiscussiontoday.But,beforewestart,I'dliketomentionafewthingsyourtextdoesn'tgointo.

It'sinterestingtonotethatinsurancehasexistedinsomeformforaverylongtime.Theearliestinsurancepolicieswerecalledbottomrycontracts.Theyprovidedshippingprotectionformerchantsasfarbackas3000B.C.

Ingeneral,thecontractswereoftennomorethanverbalagreements.Theygrantedloanstomerchantswiththeunderstandingthanifaparticularshipmentofgoodswaslostatsea,theloandidn'thavetoberepaid.Interestontheloansvariedaccordingtohowriskyitwastotransportthegoods.Duringperiodsofheavypiracyatsea,forexample,theamountofinterestandthecostofthepolicywentupconsiderably.

So,youcanseehowinsurancehelpedencourageinternationaltrade.Eventhemostcautiousmerchantsbecamewillingtoriskshippingtheirgoodsoverlongdistances-nottomentioninhazardousweatherconditions-whentheyhadthiskindofprotectionavailable.

Generallyspeaking,thebasicformofaninsurancepolicyhasbeenprettymuchthesamesincetheMiddleAges.Therearefourpointsthatweresalientthenandremainparamountinallpoliciestoday.Therewereoutlinedinchaptersixandwillserveasthebasisfortherestoftheoftoday'sdiscussion.Cananyonetellmewhatoneofthosepointsmightbe?

I-01-3

（man）LocatedattheNASAResearchCenterinIowaisa5,000-gallonvatofwater,andinsidethetankisanunderwatertreadmilldesignedbyDavaNewman,anaerospaceengineer.ForfouryearsNewmanobservedscubadiversastheysimulatedwalkingontheMoonandonMarsonherunderwatermovingbelt.ShewantedtodiscoverhowthegravityoftheMoonandofMarswouldaffecthumanmovement.

Todothis,Newmanattachedweightstothediversandthenloweredthemintothetankandontothetreadmill.TheseweightswerecarefullyadjustedsothatthediverscouldexperienceunderwaterthegravityoftheMoonandofMarsastheywalkedonthetreadmill.NewmanconcludedthatwalkingonMarswillprobablybeeasierthanwalkingontheMoon.TheMoonhaslessgravitythanMarsdoes,soatlunargravity,thediversstruggledtokeeptheirbalanceandwalkedawkwardly.ButatMartiangravity,thedivershadgreatertractionandstabilityandcouldeasilyadjusttoapaceof1.5milesperhour.AsNewmangraduallyincreasedthespeedofthetreadmill,thediverstooklonger,gracefulstridesuntiltheycomfortablysettledintoanevenquickerpace.NewmanalsonotedthatatMartiangravity,thediversneededlessoxygen.

ThedataNewmancollectedwillhelpinthefuturedesignofMartianspacesuits.Comparedtolunarspacesuits,Martianspacesuitswillrequiresmallerairtanks;and,toallowforfreermovement,theelbowandkneeareasofthespacesuitswillalsobealtered.

Goodevening.MynameisPamJones,andonbehalfoftheModernDanceclub

I-02-1

（man）WelcometoEvergladesNationalPar.TheEvergladesisawateryplaincoveredwithsawgrassthat'shometonumerousspeciesofplantsandwildlife.Atoneandahalfmillionacres,it'stoobigtoseeitalltoday,butthistourwillofferyouagoodsampling.OurtourbuswillstopfirstatTaylorSlough.Thisisagoodplacetostartbecauseit'shometomanyoftheplantsandanimalstypicallyassociatedwiththeEverglades.You'llseemanyexoticbirdsand,ofcourse,ourworldfamousalligators.Don'tworry,there'saboardwalkthatgoesacrossthemarshsoyoucanlookdownattheanimalsinthewaterfromasafedistance.Theboardwalkishighenoughtogiveyouagreatviewofthesawgrassprairie.Fromtherewe'llheadtosomeothermarshyandevenjungle-likeareasthatfeaturewonderfultropicalplantlife.

Forthoseofyouwho'dlikeacloserviewofthesawgrassprairie,youmightconsiderrentingacanoesometimeduringyourvisithere.However,don'tdothisunlessyouhaveaverygoodsenseofdirectionandcannegotiateyourwaythroughtallgrass.We'dhatetohavetocomelookingforyou.

Youhavethegoodfortuneofbeinghereinthewinter-thebesttimeofyeartovisit.Duringthespringandsummerthemosquitoeswilljustabouteatyoualive!

Rightnowthey'renotsobothersome,butyou'llstillwanttouseaninsectrepellent.

I-02-2

（woman）Thankyou.It'sgreattoseesomanyofyouinterestedinthisserieson"SurvivalinOuterSpace."Pleaseexcusethecameras-we'rebeingvideotapedforthelocalTVstations.

TonightI'mgoingtotalkaboutthemostbasicaspectofsurvival-thespacesuit.Whenmostofyouimagineanastronaut,that'sprobablythefistthingthatcomestomind,right?

Well,withoutspacessuits,itwouldnotbepossibleforustosurviveinspace.Forexample,outerspaceisavacuum-there'snogravityorairpressure;withoutprotection,abodywouldexplode.What'smore,we'dcookinthesunorfreezeintheshade-withtemperaturesrangingfromatoasty300degreesabovetoacool300degreesbelowzeroFahrenheit.

ThespacesuitthatNASAhasdevelopedistrulyamarvel.Thisphotoenlargementhereisalife-sizeimageofanactualspacesuitwornbyastronautsonthelastspaceshuttlemission.Thispastisthetorso-it'smadeofsevenextremelydurablelayers.Thisthickinsulationprotectsagainsttemperatureextremesandradiation.Nextiswhattheycalla"bladder"ofoxygen-that'saninflatablesac,filledwithoxygen,tosimulateatmosphericpressure.ThisbladderpressesagainstthebodywiththesameforceastheEarth'satmosphereatsealevel.Theinnermostlayersprovideliquidcoolingandventilation.Despiteallthelayers,thesuitisflexible,allowingfreemovementsowecanwork.

Anotherreallysophisticatedpartofthespacesuitisthehelmet.Ibroughtonealongtoshowyou.CanIhaveavolunteercomeanddemonstrate?

I-02-3

（woman）Goodevening.MynameisPamJones,andonbehalfoftheModernDanceclub,I'dliketowelcomeyoutotonight'sprogram.TheclubispleasedtopresenttheTVversionofTheCatherineWheel,TwylaTharp'srockballet.Thisvideoversionoftheballethasbeenevenmoresuccessfulwithaudiencesthantheoriginaltheaterproduction----itincludessomeanimation,slowmotion,andstop-actionfreezesthatreallyhelptheaudienceunderstandthedance.

ThetitleofthepiecereferstoSaintCatherine,whodiedonawheelin307A.D.Nowadays,aCatherinewheelisalsoakindoffirework----itlookssomethinglikeapinwheel.Anyway,thedanceiscertainlyfulloffireworks!

You'llseehowTwylaTharpexploresonefamily'sattempttoconfronttheviolenceinmodernlife.Thecentralsymboloftheworkisapineapple...butexactlywhatitrepresentshasalwayscreatedalotofcontroversy.Asyouwatch,seeifyoucanfigureitout.

Themusicforthispieceisfulloftherhythmicenergyofrockmusic.ItwascomposedbyDavidByrne...oftherockbandTalkingHeads?

AndtheleaddancerinthisversionwasSaraRudner,whoisperfectlysuitedtoTharp'sadventurouschoreography.

Followingthevideo,danceteacherMaryParkerwillleadadiscussionaboutthesymbolismMs.Tharpused.Wehopeyoucanstayforthat.So,enjoytonight'svideo...andthankyouforyoursupport.

I-03-1

（woman）Inourlabtoday,we'llbetestingthehypothesisthatbabiedcancountasearlyasfivemonthsofage.Thesixbabiesherearealllessthansixmonthsold.You'llbewatchingthemonclosed-circuitTVandmeasuringtheirresponses.

Theexperimentisbasedonthewell-establishedobservationthatbabiesstarelongeriftheydon'tseewhattheyexpecttosee.First,we'regoingtolettwodollsmoveslowlyinfrontofthebabies.Thebabieswillseethetwodollsdisappearbehindascreen.Yourjobistorecord,inseconds,howlongthebabiesstareatthedollswhenthescreenisremoved.

Inthenextstage,twodollswillagainmoveinfrontofthebabiesanddisappear.Butthenathirddollwillfollow.Whenthescreenisremoved,thebabieswillonlyseetwodolls.Ifwe'reright,thebabieswillnowstarelongerbecausetheyexpectthreedollsbutonlyseetwo.

Itseemsremarkabletothinkthatsuchyoungchildrencancount.Myownresearchhasconvincedmethattheyhavethisabilityfrombirth.Butwhethertheydoornot,perhapsweshouldraiseanotherquestion---shouldwetakeadvantageofthisabilitybyteachingchildrenmathematicsatsuchayoungage?

Theyhavegreatuntappedpotential,butisitgoodforparentstopressure