考研英语 真题及参考答案.docx
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考研英语真题及参考答案
2018考研英语
(二)真题及参考答案(完整版)
SectionⅠUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
WhydopeoplereadnegativeInternetcommentsanddootherthingsthatwillobviouslybepainful?
Becausehumanshaveaninherentneedto1uncertainty,accordingtoarecentstudyinPsychologicalScience.Thenewresearchrevealsthattheneedtoknowisstrongthatpeoplewill2tosatisfytheircuriosityevenwhenitiscleartheanswerwill3.
Inaseriesofexperiments,behavioralscientistsattheUniversityofChicagoandtheWisconsinschoolofBusinesstestedstudents’willingnessto4themselvestounpleasantstimuliinanefforttosatisfycuriosity.Forone5,eachparticipantwasshownapileofpensthattheresearcherclaimedwerefromapreviousexperiment.Thetwist?
Halfofthepenswould6anelectricshockwhenclicked.
Twenty-sevenstudentsweretoldwithpenswereelectrified;anothertwenty-sevenweretoldonlythatsomewereelectrified.7leftaloneintheroom.Thestudentswhodidnotknowwhichoneswouldshockthemclickedmorepensandincurredmoreshocksthanthestudentswhoknewthatwould8.Subsequentexperimentsreproducedthiseffectwithotherstimuli,9thesoundoffingernailsonachalkboardandphotographsofdisgustinginsects.
Thedriveto10isdeeplyrootedinhumans,muchthesameasthebasicdrivesfor11orshelter,saysChristopherHseeoftheUniversityofChicago.Curiosityisoftenconsideredagoodinstinct—itcan12newscientificadvances,forinstance—butsometimessuch13canbackfire.Theinsightthatcuriositycandriveyoutodo14thingsisaprofoundone.
Unhealthycuriosityispossibleto15,however.Inafinalexperiment,participantswhowereencouragedto16howtheywouldfeelafterviewinganunpleasantpicturewerelesslikelyto17toseesuchanimage.Theseresultssuggestthatimaginingthe18offollowingthroughonone’scuriosityaheadoftimecanhelpdetermine19itisworththeendeavor.Thinkingaboutlong-term20iskeytoreducingthepossiblenegativeeffectsofcuriosity,”Hseesays.Inotherwords,don’treadonlinecomments.
asthanofto
withontofrom
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
Text1
ItiscuriousthatStephenKoziatekfeelsalmostasthoughhehastojustifyhiseffortstogivehisstudentsabetterfuture.
Mr.Koziatekispartofsomethingpioneering.HeisateacherataNewHampshirehighschoolwherelearningisnotsomethingofbooksandtestsandmechanicalmemorization,butpractical.Whendiditbecomeacceptedwisdomthatstudentsshouldbeabletonamethe13thpresidentoftheUnitedStatesbutbeutterlyoverwhelmedbyabrokenbikeChain?
AsKoziatekknow,thereislearninginjustabouteverything.Nothingisnecessarilygainedbyforcingstudentstolearngeometryatagraffitieddeskstuckwithgenerationsofdiscardedchewinggum.Theycanalsolearngeometrybyassemblingabicycle.
Buthe’salsofoundakindofinsidiousprejudice.Workingwithyourhandsisseenasalmostamarkofinferiority.Schoolinthefamilyofvocationaleducation“havethatstereotype...thatit’sforkidswhocan’tmakeitacademically,”hesays.
Ononehand,thatviewpointisalogicalproductofAmerica’sisnottheeconomicenginethatitoncejobsecuritythattheUSeconomyonceofferedtohighschoolgraduateshaslargelyevaporated.Moreeducationisthenewwantmoreforourkids,andrightfullyso.
Buttheheadlongpushintobachelor’sdegreesforall—andthesubtledevaluingofanythingless—missesanimportantpoint:
That’snottheonlythingtheAmericaneconomy,abachelor’sdegreeopensnow,54percentofthejobsinthecountryaremiddle-skilljobs,suchasconstructionandhigh-skillonly44percentofworkersareadequatelytrained.
Inotherwords,atatimewhentheworkingclasshasturnedthecountryonitspoliticalhead,frustratedthattheopportunitythatoncedefinedAmericaisvanishing,oneobvioussolutionisstaringusintheisagapinworking-classjobs,buttheworkerswhoneedthosejobsmostaren’tequippedtodo’sManchesterSchoolofTechnologyHighSchoolistryingtofillthatgap.
Koziatek’sschoolisawake-upcall.Wheneducationbecomesone-size-fits-all,itrisksoverlookinganation’sdiversityofgifts.
brokenbikechainismentionedtoshowstudents’lackof.
training
ability
spirit
memorization
existstheprejudicethatvocationaleducationisforkidswho.
astereotypedmind
nocareermotivation
financiallydisadvantaged
notacademicallysuccessful
caninferfromParagraph5thathighschoolgraduates.
tohavemorejobopportunities
tohavebigfinancialconcerns
entitledtomoreeducationalprivileges
reluctanttoworkinmanufacturing
headlongpushintobachelorsdegreesforall.
createalotofmiddle-skilljobs
narrowthegapinworking-classjobs
theovervaluingofhighereducation
expectedtoyieldabetter-trainedworkforce
author’sattitudetowardKoziatek’sschoolcanbedescribedas.
Text2
Whilefossilfuels—coal,oil,gas—stillgenerateroughly85percentoftheworld’senergysupply,it'sclearerthaneverthatthefuturebelongstorenewablesourcessuchaswindandmovetorenewablesispickingupmomentumaroundtheworld:
Theynowaccountformorethanhalfofnewpowersourcesgoingonline.
Somegrowthstemsfromacommitmentbygovernmentsandfarsightedbusinessestofundcleanerenergysources.Butincreasinglythestoryisabouttheplummetingpricesofrenewables,especiallywindandcostofsolarpanelshasdroppedby80percentandthecostofwindturbinesbyclosetoone-thirdinthepasteightyears.
InmanypartsoftheworldrenewableenergyisalreadyaprincipalenergyScotland,forexample,windturbinesprovideenoughelectricitytopower95percentoftherestoftheworldtakesthelead,notablyChinaandEurope,theUnitedStatesisalsoseeingaremarkableMarch,forthefirsttime,windandsolarpoweraccountedformorethan10percentofthepowergeneratedintheUS,reportedtheUSEnergyInformationAdministration.
PresidentTrumphasunderlinedfossilfuels—especiallycoal—asthepathtoeconomicarecentspeechinIowa,hedismissedwindpowerasanunreliableenergythatmessagedidnotplaywellwithmanyinIowa,wherewindturbinesdotthefieldsandprovide36percentofthestate’selectricitygeneration—andwheretechgiantslikeMicrosoftarebeingattractedbytheavailabilityofcleanenergytopowertheirdatacenters.
Thequestion“whathappenswhenthewinddoesn’tbloworthesundoesn’tshine?
”hasprovidedaquickput-downforaboostinthestoragecapacityofbatteriesismakingtheirabilitytokeeppowerflowingaroundtheclockmorelikely.
Theadvanceisdriveninpartbyvehiclemanufacturers,whoareplacingbigbetsonbattery-poweredelectricelectriccarsarestillararityonroadsnow,thismassiveinvestmentcouldchangethepicturerapidlyincomingyears.
Whilethere’salongwaytogo,thetrendlinesforrenewablesarepaceofchangeinenergysourcesappearstobespeedingup—perhapsjustintimetohaveameaningfuleffectinslowingclimateWashingtondoes—ordoesn’tdo—topromotealternativeenergymaymeanlessandlessatatimeofaglobalshiftinthought.
word“plummeting”(Line3,)isclosestinmeaningto.
toParagraph3,theuseofrenewableenergyinAmerica.
progressingnotably
asextensiveasinEurope
manychallenges
provedtobeimpractical
canbelearnedthatinIowa,.
isawidelyusedenergysource
energyhasreplacedfossilfuels
giantsareinvestingincleanenergy
isashortageofcleanenergysupply
ofthefollowingistrueaboutcleanenergyaccordingtoParagraphs5&6?
applicationhasboostedbatterystorage.
iscommonlyusedincarmanufacturing.
continuoussupplyisbecomingareality.
sustainableexploitationwillremaindifficult.
canbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatrenewableenergy.
bringtheUSclosertoothercountries
accelerateglobalenvironmentalchange
notreallyencouragedbytheUSgovernment
notcompetitiveenoughwithregardtoitscost
Text3
Thepowerandambitionofthegiantsofthedigitaleconomyisastonishing—AmazonhasjustannouncedthepurchaseoftheupmarketgrocerychainWholeFoodsfor$,buttwoyearsagoFacebookpaidevenmorethanthattoacquiretheWhatsAppmessagingservice,whichdoesn’thaveanyphysicalproductatall.WhatWhatsAppofferedFacebookwasanintricateandfinelydetailedwebofitsusers’friendshipsandsociallives.
FacebookpromisedtheEuropeancommissionthenthatitwouldnotlinkphonenumberstoFacebookidentities,butitbrokethepromisealmostassoonasthedealwentthrough.Evenwithoutknowingwhatwasinthemessages,theknowledgeofwhosentthemandtowhomwasenormouslyrevealingandstillcouldbe.Whatpoliticaljournalist,whatpartywhip,wouldnotwanttoknowthemakeupoftheWhatsAppgroupsinwhichTheresaMay’senemiesarecurrentlyplotting?
ItmaybethatthevalueofWholeFoodstoAmazonisnotsomuchthe460shopsitowns,buttherecordsofwhichcustomershavepurchasedwhat.
Competitionlawappearstobetheonlywaytoaddresstheseimbalancesofpower.Butitisclumsy.Foronething,itisveryslowcomparedtothepaceofchangewithinthedigitaleconomy.Bythetimeaproblemhasbeenaddressedandremedieditmayhavevanishedinthemarketplace,tobereplaced