考研英语一真题及参考答案考研英语一真题.docx

考研英语一真题及参考答案考研英语一真题.docx

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考研英语一真题及参考答案考研英语一真题

2021考研英语一真题及参考答案2021考研英语一真题

Section

IUseofEnglishDirections:

Readthefollowingtext.Choose

thebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.（10

points）Today,weliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareallavailableonoursmartphones.

1ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.But

phones

2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.

3yougetlostwithoutaphoneorapass,andyou4can’tfindnorth,afewtricksmayhelpyounavigate5tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.

Whenyoufindyourself6atrail,butnotinapletely7areaofland,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:

Which8isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?

Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?

Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.

9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,youshould

10seesignsofpeople.

Ifyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights–youmaybe

11howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.

Another

12:

Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.

13,evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto

14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve

15thewoods.Head

towardthese

16tofindawayout.At

night,scanthehorizonfor

17‌lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.

18,assumingyou’relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe

19weleaveonthelandscape.Trail

blazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan

20youtocivilization.

1.A.

FewB.Most

C.Some

D.All

2.A.

putB.takeC.

runD.e

3.A.

SinceB.Until

C.ThoughD.

If4.A.

formallyB.literally

C.gradually

D.relatively

5.A.

aroundB.away

C.back

D.next

6.A.

ontoB.along

C.across

D.off

7.A.

unattractiveB.unfamiliar

C.unchanged

D.uncrowded

8.A.

wayB.point

C.site

D.place

9.A.

InsteadB.Yet

C.So

D.Besides

10.A.

immediatelyB.eventually

C.unexpectedly

D.intentionally

11.A.

frightenedB.annoyed

C.surprised

D.confused

12.A.

problemB.result

C.view

D.option

13.A.

AboveallB.For

exleC.On

averageD.In

contrast

14.A.

spotB.avoid

C.bridge

D.separate

15.A.

fromB.under

C.beyond

D.through

16.A.

postsB.breaks

C.shades

D.links

17.A.

hiddenB.mysterious

C.artificial

D.limited

18.A.

FinallyB.Consequently

C.Incidentally

D.Generally

19.A.

memoriesB.belongings

C.notes

D.marks

20.A.

leadB.adapt

C.restrict

D.expose

SectionIIReadingprehensionPartADirections:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer

thequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Mark

youranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40

points）Text

1FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Starting

nextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed

10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.The

mainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.Yet

officialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:

morelong-termdecision-making,notonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

“Short-termism,”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedpanies,saystheBankofEngland’stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.He

esagiantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transient

investors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfrompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.This

hasbeendubbed“quarterlycapitalism.”Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets.“There

seemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidmissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangemissioninaspeechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof

2002haspushedmostpublicpaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce“short-termism.”InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“asubstantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“long-termism,”suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.In

France,shareholderswhoholdontoapanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinapany.

Withinpanies,therightpensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthepanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain’s

newruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.

21.According

toParagraph

1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleistoA.guarantee

thebonusesoftopexecutives.

B.enhance

bankers’senseofresponsibility.

C.build

anewsystemoffinancialregulation.

D.help

corporationsachievelargerprofits.22.

AlfredMarshallisedtoindicateA.the

solidstructureofpubliclytradedpanies.

B.governments’

impatienceindecision-making.

C.the

conditionsforgeneratingquickprofits.

D.“short-termism”

ineconomicactivities.23.

ItisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpublicpaniescanbeA.minimal.

B.indirect.

C.adverse.

D.temporary.

24.The

USandFranceexlesareusedtoillustrateA.the

approachestopromoting“long-termism.”B.the

prevalenceofshort-termthinking.

C.the

significanceoflong-termthinking.

D.the

obstaclestopreventing“short-termism.”

25.Which

ofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.Decisiveness

RequiredofTopExecutivesB.Failure

ofQuarterlyCapitalismC.Patience

asaCorporateVirtueD.Frustration

ofRisk-takingBankersText

2Gradeinflation–thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs（grade-pointaverages）overthepastfewdecades–isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.But

another,relatedforce–apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradeforgiveness”–ishelpingraiseGPAs.

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent’soverallGPA.

Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool（andpayingtuition）andimprovetheirgraduationrates.When

thispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.But

nowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Ultimately,”

saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity’sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcoursesormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges’ownneedsaswell.For

publicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention–sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.And

anythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents–who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill–feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.

Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers’expectationsforhighereducation.Since

studentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible–oratleastappeartobe.On

this,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned.

26.What

ismonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?

A.Colleges’

neglectofGPAs.

B.The

influenceofconsumerculture.

C.Students’

indifferencetoGPAs.

D.The

changeofcoursecatalogs.27.

Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?

A.To

maintaincolleges’graduationrates.

B.To

increaseuniversities’inefromtuition.

C.To

preparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

D.To

helpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.28.

AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegestoA.obtain

morefinancialsupport.

B.improve

theirteachingquality.

C.boost

theirstudentenrollments.

D.meet

localgovernments’needs.29.

Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”（Line5,Para.6）

mostprobablymean?

A.To

counterbalanceeachother.

B.To

becontradictorytoeachother.

C.To

beidenticalwitheachother.

D.To

plementeachother.30.

Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby

A.assessing

itsfeasibility.

B.listing

itslong-runeffects.

C.paring

differentviewsonit.

D.analyzing