考研英语一历年真题及答案.docx

考研英语一历年真题及答案.docx

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考研英语一历年真题及答案

考研英语一历年真题及答案

LT

[d]express17.[a]unpredictable[b]contributory[c]controllable[d]disruptive18.[a]endeavor[b]decision[c]arrangement[d]tendency19.[a]political[b]religious[c]ethnic[d]economic

20.[a]see[b]show[c]prove[d]tell

sectioniireadingcomprehension

parta

directions:

readthefollowingfourtexts.answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosinga,b,

cord.markyouranswersonanswersheet.（40points）

text1

kingjuancarlosofspainonceinsisted―kingsdon‘tabdicate,theydareintheirsleep.‖butembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecenteuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.so,doesthespanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?

doesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforalleuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyle?

thespanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendofthefrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove―mere‖politicsand―embody‖aspiritofnationalunity.

itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs‘continuingpopularitypolarized.andalso,themiddleeastexcepted,europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms（notcountingvaticancityandandorra）.butunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsinthegulfandasia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.

evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory—andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday–embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.atatimewhenthomaspikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.

themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses（orhelicopters）.evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.

whileeurope‘smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itisthebritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromthespanishexample.

itisonlythequeenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy‘sreputationwithherrather

ordinary（ifwell-heeled）grannystyle.thedangerwillcomewithcharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice–asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.charlesoughttoknowthatasenglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy‘sworstenemies.

21.accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,kingjuancarlosofspain

[a]usedturnenjoyhighpublicsupport

[b]wasunpopularamongeuropeanroyals

[c]casedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals

[d]endedhisreigninembarrassment

22.monarchsarekeptasheadsofstateineuropemostly

[a]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus

[b]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality

[c]togivevotermorepublicfigurestolookupto

[d]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment

23.whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoparagraph4?

[a]aristocrats‘excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth

[b]theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies

[c]thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies

[d]thenobility‘sadherencetotheirprivileges

24.thebritishroyals―havemosttofear‖becausecharles

[a]takesaroughlineonpoliticalissues

[b]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised

[c]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies

[d]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole

25.whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[a]carlos,gloryanddisgracecombined

[b]charles,anxioustosucceedtothethrone

[c]carlos,alessonforalleuropeanmonarchs

[d]charles,slowtoreacttothecomingthreats

text2

justhowmuchdoestheconstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?

thesupremecourtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.

californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingrulingparticularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.

thecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedcalifornia‘sadvice.enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.

theyshouldstartbydiscardingcalifornia‘slameargumentthatexploringthecontents

ofasmartphone—avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation—issimilarto,say,riflingthroughasuspect‘spurse.thecourthasruledthatpolicedon‘tviolatethefourthamendmentwhentheysiftthroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.butexploringone‘ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee‘sreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.thedevelopmentof―cloudcomputing,‖meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.

assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn‘teasethechallengeofline-drawing.inmanycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyonerousforauthoritiestoobtainawarranttosearchthroughphonecontents.theycouldstillinvalidatefourthamendmentprotectionswhenfacingsevere,urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataarenoterasedoralteredwhileawarrantispending.thecourt,though,maywanttoallowroomforpolicetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomorefreedom.

butthejusticesshouldnotswallowcalifornia‘sargumentwhole.new,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheconstitution‘sprotections.orinkerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasavirtualnecessityoflifeinthe20th:

thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowthefourthamendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.

26.thesupremecourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimateto

[a]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.

[b]searchforsuspects‘mobilephoneswithoutawarrant.

[c]checksuspects‘phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.

[d]prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.

27.theauthor‘sattitudetowardcalifornia‘sargumentisoneof

[a]disapproval.

[b]indifference.

[c]tolerance.

[d]cautiousness.

28.theauthorbelievesthatexploringone‘sphonecontentsiscomparableto

[a]gettingintoone‘sresidence.

[b]handlingone‘shistoricalrecords.

[c]scanningone‘scorrespondences.

[d]goingthroughone‘swallet.

29.inparagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat

[a]principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.

[b]thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.

[c]citizens‘privacyisnoteffectivelyprotected.

[d]phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.

30.orinkerr‘scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat

[a]theconstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.

[b]newtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheconstitution.

[c]california‘sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheconstitution.

[d]principlesoftheconstitutionshouldneverbealtered

text3

thejournalscienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefmarciamcnuttannouncedtoday.thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.

―readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,‖writesmcnuttinaneditorial.workingwiththeamericanstatisticalassociation,thejournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors（sbore）.manuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournal‘sinternaleditors,orbyitsexistingboardofreviewingeditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.thesborepanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanuscripts.

askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,mcnuttsaid:

―thecreationofthe?

statisticsboard‘wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofscience‘soveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwepublish.‖

giovanniparmigiani,abiostatisticianattheharvardschoolofpublichealth,amemberofthesboregroup.hesaysheexpectstheboardto―playprimarilyanadvisoryrole.‖heagreedtojoinbecausehe―foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentofthesboretobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.thisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsinscienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterscience.‖

johnioannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthepolicy