《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U5.docx
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《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U5
《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U5
Unit5
CultureandVerbalCommunication
SomeIdeasRelatedtoverbalcommunicationandculture
1.Differentorientationstocommunicationpatterns
EastAsianorientation
1.processorientation—communicationisperceivedasaprocessofinfiniteinterpretation
2.differentiatedlinguisticcodes—differentlinguisticscodesareuseddependinguponpersonsinvolvedandsituations
3.indirectcommunicationemphasis—theuseofindirectcommunicationisprevalentandacceptedasnormative
4.receivercentered—meaningisintheinterpretation,Emphasisisonlistening,sensitivity,andremovalofpreconception.
NorthAmericanorientation
1.communicationisperceivedasthetransferenceofmessages
2.Lessdifferentiatedlinguisticcodes—linguisticcodesarenotasextensivelydifferentiatedasEastAsia
3.Directcommunicationemphasis—directcommunicationisnormdespitetheextensiveuseofindirectcommunication
4.sendercentered—meaningisinthemessagecreatedbythesender.Emphasisisonhowtoformulatethebestmessage,howtoimprovesourcecredibilityanddeliveryskills
2.DirectandIndirectVerbalInteractionStyles
Thetoneofvoice,thespeaker’sintention,andtheverbalcontentreflectourwayofspeaking,ourverbalstyle,whichinturnreflectsourculturalandpersonalvaluesandsentiments.
Verbalstyleframes“how”amessageshouldbeinterpreted.Thedirect-indirectverbalinteractiondimensioncanbethoughtofasstraddlingacontinuum.Individualsinallculturesusethegradationsofalltheseverbalstyles,dependingonroleidentities,interactiongoals,andsituations.However,inindividualisticcultures,peopletendtoencountermoresituationsthatemphasizethepreferentialuseofdirecttalk,person-orientedverbalinteraction,verbalself-enhancement,andtalkativeness.Incontrast,incollectivisticcultures,peopletendtoencountermoresituationsthatemphasizethepreferentialuseofindirecttalk,status-orientedverbalinteraction,verbalself-effacement,andsilence.
Thedirectandindirectstylesdifferintheextenttowhichcommunicatorsrevealtheirintentionsthroughtheirtoneofvoiceandthestraightforwardnessoftheircontentmessage.Inthedirectverbalstyle,statementsclearlyrevealthespeaker’sintentionsandareenunciatedinaforthrighttoneofvoice.Intheindirectverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,verbalstatementstendtocamouflagethespeaker’sactualintentionsandarecarriedoutwithmorenuancedtoneofvoice.Forexample,theoverall.Americanverbalstyleoftencallsforclearanddirectcommunication.
Phrasessuchas“saywhatyoumean,”“don’tbeataroundthebush,”and“gettothepoint”aresomeexamples.Thedirectverbalstyleofthelarger.cultureisreflectiveofitslow-contextcommunicationcharacter.
3.Person-OrientedandStatus-OrientedVerbalStyles
Theperson-orientedverbalstyleisindividual-centeredverbalmodethatemphasizestheimportanceofinformalityandrolesuspension.Thestatus-orientedverbalstyleisarole-centeredverbalmodethatemphasizesformalityandlargepowerdistance.Theformeremphasizestheimportanceofsymmetricalinteraction,whereasthelatterstressesasymmetricalinteraction.
Theperson-orientedverbalstyleemphasizestheimportanceofrespectingunique,personalidentitiesintheinteraction.Thestatus-orientedverbalstyleemphasizestheimportanceofhonoringprescribedpower-basedmembershipidentities.Thosewhoengageinstatus-orientedverbalinteractionusespecificvocabulariesandparalinguisticfeaturestoaccentuatethestatusdistanceoftherolerelationships.,inparent-childinteraction,superior-subordinaterelations,andmale-femaleinteractioninmanyLatinAmericancultures).Whilelow-contextculturestendtoemphasizetheuseoftheperson-orientedverbalstyle,high-contextculturestendtovaluethestatus-orientedverbalmode.
4.Self-EnhancementandSelf-EffacementVerbalStyles
Theself-enhancementverbalstyleemphasizestheimportanceofboastingaboutone’saccomplishmentsandabilities.Theself-effacementverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,emphasizestheimportanceofhumblingoneselfviaverbalrestraints,hesitations,modesttalk,andtheuseofself-deprecationconcerningone’seffortorperformance.
Forexample,inmanyAsiancultures,self-effacementtalkisexpectedtosignalmodestyorhumility.InJapan,whenoneofferssomethingtoanotherpersonsuchasagiftoramealthatonehasprepared,verbalself-deprecationisexpected.Therearesetexpressionsforverbalhumilitysuchas“It’snotverytasty”and“It’snothingspecial.”Thehostesswhoapologizestohergueststhat“Thereisnothingspecialtoofferyou”hasprobablysentthebetterpartoftwodaysplanningandpreparingthemeal.Ofcoursetheguestshouldprotestsuchadisclaimerandreemphasizeherorhisgratitude.Self-effacementisanecessarypartofJapanesepolitenessrituals.
Inthe.culture,individualsareencouragedtosellandboastaboutthemselves,forexample,inperformancerevieworjobinterviewsessions,orelsenoonewouldnoticetheiraccomplishments.However,thenotionofmerchandizingoneselfdoesnotsetwellwiththeJapanese.InJapan,onedoesnotliketostandoutorbesingledout,evenbyothers;itisfarworsetopromoteoneself.
InmanyAsiancultures,individualsbelievethatiftheirperformanceisgood,theirbehaviorwillbenoticed,forexample,bytheirsupervisorsduringpromotionreviewsituations.However,fromtheWesternculturalstandpoint,ifmyperformanceisgood,Ishoulddocumentorboastaboutitsothatmysupervisorwillbesuretotakenotice.Thisdifferenceisprobablyduetotheobserver-sensitivevalueoftheAsian,
high-contextcommunicationpattern,asopposedtothesender-responsiblevalueoftheWestern,low-contextinteractionpattern.
Weshouldnotethatthepatternofverbalself-effacementcannotbegeneralizedtomanyAraborAfricancultures.InEgypt,forexample,apopularsayingis“Makeyourharvestlookbig,lestyourenemiesrejoice”.Effusiveverbalself-enhancementiscriticaltotheenhancementofone’sfaceorhonorinsomelargepowerdistanceArabcultures.
ReadingI
UnderstandingtheCultureofConversation
Comprehensionquestions
1.WhatmadetheauthorfeellearningtoconverseinMexicoCitywaseasierforhim/herinoneway,moredifficultinanother
It'seasierbecauseMexicansservicetherelationshipandtheycareabouteveryoneintheconversation.Buttheirconversationdoesn‘tmoveinastraightline,driftingaroundbothinthetopicandinthewaytheyusewords.
2.WhydidtheMexicancustomerslideintothetopicofthefulleclipseofthesun
FortheMexican,theconversationstartswithonetopic,butifanotherinterestingtopicseepsinheorshewillrideitaroundforawhile.Stickingtothefirsttopicislessimportantthanhavinganinterestingconversation.
3.WhatdidtheAmericanbusinessmanfeelabouttheMexican‟swayofconversation
FortheAmerican,aconversationshouldhaveatopic,andhewantstotakeastraightlinethroughitfrombeginningtoend.SohefeltveryimpatientabouttheMexican‘swayofconversation.
4.What“conversationalideal”wasrepresentedbytheexampleofachampionshipskierwhowasinterviewedonTV
TheSwedishconversationalidealistoresponseinaconcisemannerwithoutelaboratingspecificdetails,especiallythoseforself-promotion..
5.WhatproblemsarelikelytooccurifanAmericantalkswithaSwede
TheAmericanmayfeeltotallylostintheconversationsinceheorshewouldnotgetasmuchinformationfromtheSwedeasheorshehasexpected.
6.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenAnglosandAthabaskansinconversation
Therearealotdifferencesbetweenthem.Forinstance,atthebeginningofaconversation,Anglosalmostalwaysspeakfirst.Athabaskansthinkitisimportanttoknowwhatthesocialrelationshipisbeforetheytalkwithsomeone.Thereisanotherdifferenceinhowlongoneshouldtalk.Athabaskanstendtohavelongerturnswhentheytalkwitheachother,butAnglosexpectshorterturns.
7.IsitenoughjusttolearntospeakingrammaticallycorrectmannerswhenonelearnsaforeignlanguageWhatelsedoesheorshealsoneedtoknow
Itisfarfromenoughjusttolearntospeakingrammaticallycorrectmannerswhenonelearnsaforeignlanguage.Onealsohastoknowaboutthecultureofusingthelanguageinsociallife,thingslikewhotalksfirst,whotalksnext,whoopensand
closesconversationsandhowtheydoit,inordertobeabletousethelanguageinculturallyappropriatemanners.
8.InwhatwaysareChinesesimilartoordifferentfromtheAmericans,MexicansandSwedes
ItseemsthatweChinesearesomewhatsimilartoMexicansinthewaywearehavingaconversation.UnlikeAmericans,wedonotusuallymoveinastraightlineinaconversationandmayalsocaremuchabouttheother‘sfeeling.
ReadingII
TheWayPeopleSpeak
Comprehensionquestions
1.Whydidn‟ttheAmericanopenlydisagreewiththeItalian
Ingeneral,theAmericandidnotenjoyverbalconflictsoverpoliticsoranythingelse.
2.Whatarethedifferencesbetween“highinvolvement”styleand“highconsiderateness”style
Manypeoplefromculturesthatprefer―highinvolvementstylestendto:
(1)talkmore;
(2)interruptmore;(3)expecttobeinterrupted;(4)talkmoreloudlyattimes;and(5)talkmorequicklythanthosefromculturesfavoring―highconsideratenessstyles.Ontheotherhand,peoplefromculturesthatfavor―highconsideratenessstylestendto:
(1)speakoneatatime;
(2)usepolitelisteningsounds;(3)refrainfrominterrupting;and(4)giveplentyofpositiv