给排水工程屋顶排水中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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给排水工程屋顶排水中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
ShortandLongTermAdvantageroofdrainagedesignperformance
Decadehaswitnessedgreatchangesinthedesignoftheroofdrainagesystemrecently,particularly,siphonrainwaterdrainagesystemhasbeengraduallyimproved,andthereislikelytobethekeyapplication.Atthesametimethesechanges,urbandrainagesystemdesignhasundergonetremendouschanges,becausethescopeofawiderurbandrainagesystemdesignforsustainabledevelopment,aswellaspeopleforclimatechangefloodingmoreattention.Themaincontentsofthisarticleishowtodesignroofdrainagesystemsandmakeagoodperformance.Specialattentionishowtogetridofbadhabitsalreadyformedthedesign,butalsoneedtoconsiderinnovativeroofdrainagesystem,suchasgreenroofsandrainwaterharvestingsystems.
Practicalapplication:
Inthepastfewyears,thedesignoftheroofrainwaterdrainagesystemhasundergonetremendouschanges.Onlargebuildings,siphonrainwaterdrainagetechnologyhasbeenverycommon,aswellasgreenroofsbecauseitisconducivetogreendevelopment,beingmoreandmoreapplications.Takingintoaccounttheongoingresearch,thisarticlefocusesonhowtoeffectivelydesignavarietyofroofrainwaterdrainagesystem,andmakeitachievethedesireddesigneffect.
1.Introduction
Inthepastdecade,thecityandthewaterdrainagesystemdesignhasbeenwidelyacceptedthinkingaboutsustainableurbandrainagesystem,ortheoptimalmanagementdirection.Themainprinciplesofthedesignofthesesystemsisbothalocallevelinlinewiththequalityofdevelopment,butalsotocreatesomeeconomicbenefitsfortheinvestors.Thisprinciplehasledtothedevelopmentofnewchangesinthesump.Althoughtheapplicationofsuchadeviceisgraduallyreduced,buttheurbanenvironmentrelativelyhighdemandareasstillrequire100%waterproofandrapiddrainage,suchastheroof.Typicallyroofdrainagesysteminthedesign,constructionandmaintenancehasnotbeengivendueattention.Althoughthedrainagesysteminvestmentcostsaccountforonlyasmallportionofthetotalconstructioninvestment,butnotabletojudgethelosscausedbypoordesign.
Therearetwodifferentformsofroofdrainagesystemdesignmethods,namelythetraditionalandsiphonmethod.Traditionalsystemsrelyonatmosphericpressurework,thedriveramaffectedsinkflowdepth.Therefore,theconventionalroofdrainagesystemsrequirearelativelylargediameterverticaldroptube,priortodischarge,alldevicesmustbeconnectedtothegroundwatercollectionpipenetwork.Incontrast,siphonicroofdrainagepipesystemsaregenerallydesignedtofullflow(turbulentflowmeansthatrequirelessexhaustpipe),whichwillformanegativepressure,thelargerthehigherflowrateandpressurehead.Typicallysiphonsystemrequireslessdownpipeworkundernegativepressuretothewaterdistributionnetworkcanmeanhigheraltitudework,therebyreducingtheamountofundergroundpipenetwork.
Bothsystemsconsistsofthreeparts:
theroof,rainwatercollectionpipes,pipenetwork.
Alloftheseelementsareabletochangethewaterpressuredistributionsystem.Thissectionfocusesontheroleandperformanceofeachpart.Duetotheprincipleofsiphonsystemhasnotbeenwellunderstood,resultingargumentisrelativelysmall,thisarticlewillhighlightsiphonsystem.
2.Roof
Theroofisusuallydesignedbythearchitect,designerandnotbythedrainagedesign.Therearethreemainroof.
2.1Flatroof
Flatroofsareusedinindustrialbuildingslessrainfallregionsandcountries.Thisroofisnotcompletelyflat,butlowerthantheminimumroofslopemayrequire.Forexample,theUnitedKingdomrequiremaximumslopeof10°.Settingminimumslopeinordertoavoidanyunnecessarywater.
Despitetheflatroofifitisnotproperlymaintainedwillhavemoreproblems,butitwillreducethedeadzonewithinthebuilding,andtheratioofslopingroofsinfavorofindoorair.
2.2slopingroofs
Mostresidentialandcommercialbuildingsarepitchedroof,inclinedroofisthebiggestadvantagecanquicklydrain,therebyreducingleakage.Intemperateregions,weneedtoconsidercarryingroofsnowload.Onceitrains,rainfallthroughtheslopingroofscanbedeterminedbycalculation.Whenrainfalldatacanbeused,youcanusethekinematictheorytosolvesuchproblems.
2.3greenroof(flatorinclined)
Itcanproveroofistheoldestgreenroofs,includingrainfallcanreduceordisperseroofplantedwithplants.Itcanbeplantedwithtreesandshrubsroofgarden,itcanalsobeavegetatedrooflightcarpet.Whereinthelattertechniquehasbeenwidelyused.Someoftheseapplicationstendtofocusonaestheticrequirementsandareoftenusedingreendevelopment.Sincetheaestheticrequirementsandpressurerequirements,aswellasgreenroofsthermalinsulationfunction,reducetheheatislandeffect,silencereffect,extendthelifeoftheroof.
GreenroofsinGermany,themostwidelyused,followedinNorthAmerica,buttoconsidertheimpactontheaesthetics.Germanyisbyfarthemostexperiencedcountriesinthe19thcenturyhavepracticalapplication,thenasanalternativetoreducetheriskoffiretarroofanoptioninurbanareas.Germanyiscurrentlythemainresearchquestiononthecultivationofotherissuestoconsidersmallercities.Astudyfrom1987to1989,wasfoundpackedwith70mmthickgreenroofcanbereducedby60%-80%ofheatloss.InaCanadianworkcomputermodelbasedontheroofindicatesthataslongasthesump,theareacanreach70%oftheroofareacanbereducedby60percentinoneyear,thesamemodelwasalsousedforartificialrainfall,whichtheresultsindicatethatrainfallinthecatchmentseasonhelpstodrainawayrainwater.
However,noneofthesestudiesshowthatgreenroofscanplayausefulroleintherainfallseason,orhowhighcollectionefficiencyofwatersupply.TheUnitedStatesdidsometests,aslongasthegreenroofsregularwatering,canreduce65percentoftherunoffinarainfall.America'smostauthoritativegreenroofguidelinesbytheNewJerseystateenvironmentalagenciespromulgated.Themainprincipleistosolvethestructuralproblemsoflight,andhowcanthenormaldrainageaftertwoyears.
Rainfallperiodisbasedontheprobabilityoffailureisdetermined.Thesystemistypicallybasedonrainfallduringrainstormstwominutes,twominutes,haveachoice.Althoughthismodelwillgetmoretraffic,butthereisnootherbetteralternative.Studieshaveshownthatthetraditionalmodelisappliedtostudygreenroofsarepremature.
Lossfactorthantraditionalroofrecordsshouldbesmall,about98.7%.
Peakflowwillbereduced,althoughnotpenetrate,thesurfaceroughnessbutalsohaveasignificantimpact.
Concentratedrainfallthantwominutesforalongtime,especiallyforlargeroofareas,suchaspublicbuildings,commercialbuildings,industrialbuildings.
Urbandrainagedesignshouldalsoconsiderotherfactors,foracomplexsystem,agreenroofinarainisnotenough.Waterflowdurationcurveshowsalongerthantraditionalsystems.Andtwoindependentandwillaffectbetweenispossible,whichrequiresamoreprecisetimeperiod.
3.RainwaterCollector
Basicrequirementsrainwatercollectorisdesignedtobeabletoaccommodaterainfallrainstorms.Althoughitispossibletomakeaslightlyinclinedroofdrainagepurposes,butthenatureoftheconstructionindustryandbuildingsettlementwillbecomeflatroofTypically,thetankisplacedinahorizontal,sectionalviewofthewaterisoutwardlyinclined,whichtheroleofhydrostatic.
3.1drainoutlet
Analyzingrainwatercollectorhassufficientvolumeisthekeytothesumpoutletexternalsettingconditions.Alsoaffecttheflowrateintothestormwaterdrainagesystempiping,butalsoaffectthedepthofthewatercatchment.Althoughthedepthofthesumpwillnotbringanyparticularproblems,buttoodeepcancauseexcessivesump.
Numerousstudiesinthe1980sshowedthattheflowofconventionalroofdrainagesystemoutletcanbedividedintotwocases.Itdependsonthesizeofthedepthandsizeoftheoutlet.Whenthewaterdepthislessthanhalfthediameteroftheoutlet,theflowofthefirsttype,andtheoutletoftheflowcanbecalculatedbyanappropriateequation;waterdepthincreases,exportsareslowlycloggingtheflowwillbecomeanotherformforms,atthesametime,theflowofexportscanbeobtainedthroughotherequations.Whileconventionalroofdrainagesystemsaredesignedtobefree-draining,butmaycauselimitationsencounteredinthedesignoftheflowisnotfree.Inthiscase,itwillrequireadditionaldepth.
Siphonroofdrainagesystems,theoutletisdesignedtobesubmergedstream.Inthiscase,thedepthoftheoutletofthedecisionismorecomplicated,becausethedesignofthesumpdependsontheflow.Recentstudieshaveshownthatconventionalroofdrainagesystemsuseavarietyofnon-standardcatchment,theirdepthandheight,biggerthanthediameteroftheoutlet.Thiswilleventuallyresultinasiphoneffect.Foragivencatchment,theflowdependsonthestartingendofthedroptubediameter.Asimilarphenomenonhasalsobeenusedtostudythestandardcatchment,inthesecircumstances,onlylimitedsiphonactionoccurswithinrelativelyclosedistancefromtheexit.
3.2tankflowclassification
Inthecomplexflowsumpoutletflowclassification,canbeseenfromTable2a,theflowwillbeuniformlayering,regardlessofwhetherthesameinletflow.Table2band2cshow,exportdistributionwillgreatlyinfluencetheflow.
Whentheoutletisnotafreejet,sumpoutletcomplexflowclassificationisdifficulttodescr