After the Romans.docx

After the Romans.docx

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AftertheRomans

AftertheRomans

RobertCrawford

XinyangNormalUniversity

http:

//www.chiddingstone.kent.sch.uk/homework/timeline/romans.htm

Areminder,theRomans

●TheRomanscametoBritainnearly2000yearsago.Theychangedourcountry.

●TheRomanEmpiremadeitsmarkonBritain,andeventoday,theruinsofRomanbuildings,forts,roads,andbathscanbefoundalloverBritain.

●BritainwaspartoftheRomanEmpireforalmost400years!

●BythetimetheRomanarmiesleftaround410AD,theyhadestablishedmedicalpractice,alanguageofadministrationandlawandhadcreatedgreatpublicbuildingsandroads.

●ManyEnglishwordsarederivedfromthelatinlanguageoftheRomans.

TimelineafterRome

TheJutes

●TheJutes,Iuti,orIutæwerea

Germanicpeoplewho,accordingto

Bede,wereoneofthethreemost

powerfulGermanicpeoplesoftheirtime

●TheyarebelievedtohaveoriginatedfromJutland（calledIutuminLatin）inmodernDenmark,SouthernSchleswig（SouthJutland）andpartoftheEastFrisiancoast.

TheJutes

●TheJutes,alongwithsomeAngles,SaxonsandFrisians,sailedacrosstheNorthSeatoraidandeventuallyinvadeGreatBritainfromthelate4thcenturyonwards,eitherdisplacing,absorbing,ordestroyingthenativeCelticpeoplesthere.

–JutishsettlementsinBritainc.575

TheSaxons

●TheRomanarmyleftBritainaboutAD410.WhentheyhadgonetherewasnostrongarmytodefendBritain,andtribescalledtheAngle,Saxon,andJute（theAnglo-Saxons）invaded.

●TheSaxonslefttheirhomelandsinnorthernGermany,DenmarkandnorthernHollandandrowedacrosstheNorthSeainwoodenboats.

●TheAnglo-SaxonsruledmostofBritainbutneverconqueredCornwallandWalesinthewest,orScotlandinthenorth.Theydividedthecountryintokingdoms.

Anglo-Saxons

●Anglo-SaxonisatermusedbyhistorianstodesignatetheGermanictribeswhoinvadedthesouthandeastofGreatBritainbeginningintheearly5thcenturyAD,andtheperiodfromtheircreationoftheEnglishnationtotheNormanconquest.

●TheAnglo-SaxonEradenotestheperiodofEnglishhistorybetweenabout550and1066AD.

●ThetermisalsousedforthelanguagenowcalledOldEnglish,spokenandwrittenbytheAnglo-SaxonsandtheirdescendantsinmuchofwhatisnowEnglandandsomeofsoutheasternScotlandbetweenatleastthemid-5thcenturyandthemid-12thcentury.

Anglo-Saxons

●TheBenedictinemonk,Bede,writingintheearly8thcentury,identifiedtheEnglishasthedescendantsofthreeGermanictribes:

–TheAngles,whomayhavecomefromAngeln（inmodernGermany）;

●BedewrotethattheirwholenationcametoBritain,leavingtheirformerlandempty.ThenameEngland（OldEnglish:

EnglalandorÆnglaland）originatesfromthistribe.

–TheSaxons,fromLowerSaxony（inmodernGermany;German:

Niedersachsen）andtheLowCountries.

–TheJutes,possiblyfromtheJutlandpeninsula（inmodernDenmark;Danish:

Jylland）.

WhoweretheAnglo-Saxons?

●TheAngle,Saxon,andJuteareknownastheAnglo-Saxons.TheAnglesandtheSaxontribeswerethelargestofthethreeattackingtribesandsoweoftenknowthemasAnglo-Saxons.Theysharedthesamelanguagebutwereeachruledbydifferentstrongwarriors.

●TheAnglo-Saxonswerewarrior-farmersandcamefromnorth-westernEurope.TheybegantoinvadeBritainwhiletheRomanswerestillincontrol.

●TheAnglo-Saxonsweretall,fair-hairedmen,armedwithswordsandspearsandroundshields.

●Theylovedfightingandwereveryfierce.

●Theirskillsincludedhunting,farming,textile（cloth）

productionandleatherworking.

WhoWeretheAnglo-Saxons

（skillsandoccupationsoftheAnglo-Saxons）

●WeknowabouttheAnglo-Saxonsbecauseofthingswehavefoundgivingusquitedetailedinformationabouttheirlives.Anglo-Saxonswereoftenburiedwiththeirpossessions.Theobjectswehavefoundingraveshaveprovideduswithevidenceofthedifferentjobsdonebymenandwomenandtheskillstheyhad.

●KnivesandspearsareoftenfoundinAnglo-Saxonmen'sgraves.Thissuggeststheywereinvolvedinhunting,fightingandfarming.Women'sgravesoftenincludetoolsusedforsewingandweaving,whichsuggeststheywereinvolvedinmakingclothes（textileproduction）.

WhendidtheAnglo-SaxonsinvadeBritain?

●ThefirstAnglo-SaxonsraidedtheshoresofsouthandeastEnglandinthefourthcenturyAD,buttheywerebeatenbackbytheRomans.Atthebeginningofthefifthcentury,theRomansleftBritain.TheyhadnottrainedtheBritishtodefendthemselvesandsothenexttimetheSaxonstriedtoinvadeBritaintheysucceeded.

●ItwasduringthesecondhalfofthefifthcenturythatmoreandmoreAnglo-Saxonsarrivedtotakelandforthemselves.ItisforthisreasonthatthetimeoftheAnglo-SaxonsisusuallythoughtofasbeginningaboutAD450.

AngloSaxonTimeline

WheredidtheAnglo-Saxonscomefrom?

●TheAnglo-Saxonslefttheir

homelandsinnorthern

Germany,Denmarkand

TheNetherlandsandrowed

acrosstheNorthSeainwoodenboatstoBritain.

●TheysailedacrosstheNorthSeaintheirlongships,whichhadonesailandmanyoars.Theymadeaseriesofattacksondifferentpartsofthecountryoveraperiodofyearsandunderanumberofleaders.

Wheredidtheysettle?

●TheJutessettledmainlyinKent.Theydidnotcallthemselves'theJutes',theyreferredtothemselvesas'theKentings',thatisthemenlivinginKent.

●TheAnglessettledinEastAnglia.

●TheSaxonssettledinareasofEssex（EastSaxons）,Sussex（SouthSaxons）,Middlesex（MiddleSaxons）,andWessex（WestSaxons）.

WhydidAnglo-SaxonsinvadeBritain?

●HistoriansarenotsurewhytheAnglo-SaxonscametoBritain.

–SomesourcessaythattheSaxonwarriorswereinvitedtocome,totheareanowknowasEngland,tohelpkeepoutinvadersfromScotlandandIreland.

–Anotherreasonforcomingmayhavebeenbecausetheirlandoftenfloodedanditwasdifficulttogrowcrops,sotheywerelookingfornewplacestosettledownandfarm.

AngloSaxonReligion

（topofpage63）

●TheAnglo-SaxonswerepaganswhentheycametoBritain,but,astimepassed,theygraduallyconvertedtoChristianity.

–ManyofthecustomswehaveinEnglandtodaycomefrompaganfestivals.

●Pagansworshipedlotsofdifferentgods.Eachpagangodcontrolledaparticularpartofeverydaylife:

thefamily,growingcrops,love,healing,wisdom,metalworking,theweather,war,day&nightandsoon.

●Religionwasameansofensuringsuccessinmaterialthings.Forexample,youmightpraytoaparticulargoddessforasuccessfulharvest,orforvictoryinbattle.

–Further,itprovidedameansofunderstandingtheworld,throughsharedstoriesandtraditions.

GodsoftheEarlyAnglo-Saxons

●BalderGodofImmortality

●EostreGoddessofBirth

●FriggGoddessofLove

●HelGoddessofDeath

●LokiGodofCunning

●SaxnotGodoftheFamily

●ThunorGodofThunder

●TiwGodofWar

●WadeGodoftheSea

●WaylandGodofMetalworking

●WodenChiefGod

Daysoftheweek

●CertaindaysoftheweekarenamedafterearlySaxonGods.

–Monandæg（Moon'sday-thedayofthemoon）,

–Tiwesdæg（Tiw's-day-thedayoftheScandinavianskygodTiw,TiuorTig）

–Wodnesdæg（Woden'sday-thedayofthegodWoden（Othin））,

–Ðunresdæg（Thor'sDay-thedayofthegodÐunororThunor）,

–Frigedæg（Freyja'sday-thedayofthegoddessFreyjaorFrigg,wifetoWoden）,

–Sæternesdæg（Saturn'sday-thedayoftheRomangodSaturn,whosefestival"Saturnalia,"withitsexchangeofgifts,hasbeenincorporatedintoourcelebrationofChristmas.）,

–Sunnandæg（Sun'sday-thedayofthesun）

FromPagantoChristianity

●About1400yearsago,thePopeinRomesentamissionarytoEnglandtopersuadetheAnglo-SaxonstobecomeChristians.

●TheleaderoftheChristianChurchwasthePope,wholivedinRome.ThePopesentamonkcalledAugustinetoEngland.AugustinelandedinthesouthandconvertedthefirstKingEthelbertofKent,andthenthepeoplelivingthere.ThePopemadeAugustineaBishopandEthelbertallowedhimtobuildachurchinCanterbury.

●ChristianitythenspreadtootherpartsofBritain.ThepopegaveordersthatpagantemplesshouldbeconvertedintoChristianonesandthatpagancelebrationsshouldalsobemadeintoChristianones.

●Churches,usuallybuiltofwood,werebuiltinSaxonvillagesalloverBritain

WhoinvadedEnglandnext?

●Intheninthcentury（Year800）,400hundredyearsaftertheAnglo-SaxonsinvadedEngland,thecountrycameunderattackfromVikingraidersfromNorwayandnorthernDenmark.

●LiketheAnglo-Saxons,theymadetherehomehere.TheydrovetheSaxonsoutofpartofthecountryandtookitforthemselves.

TheVikings

●Abouttheyear800,bandsoffierceraidersbegantoattackourcoasts.TheyweretheVikings.TheycameacrosstheNorthSea,justastheAnglo-Saxonshaddone400yearsearlier.

●Intime,liketheAnglo-Saxons,theymadetheirhomehere.TheydrovetheSaxonsoutofpartofthecountryandtookitforthemselves.

●KingAlfred,SaxonkingofWessex,foughttheminagreatbattle,buthecouldnotdrivethemrightawayandhadtoletthemhavepartofthecountry,calledDanelaw.

TheVikings

WheredidtheVikingscomefrom?

●TheVikingslivedoveronethousandyearsagoandcamefromthethreecountriesofScandinavia:

Denmark,NorwayandSweden.

TheVikings

WhowereThey?

●Vikingswerealsoknown

astheNorsemen.They

weregreattravelersandsailedtootherpartsofEurope,wheretheytraded,raided,andoftensettled

●Theywerealsofarmers,fishermen,trappersandtraders.Vikingcraftsmenmadebeautifulobjectsoutofwood,metalandbone;Vikingwomenwereskilful