高考阅读理解讲解2.docx

高考阅读理解讲解2.docx

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高考阅读理解讲解2

文章主旨题

•通读全文，抓住主题句；

•对文章进行分析、归纳和概括并得出正确结论；

•另外，选择“最佳标题”的题目也是属于文章的主旨，但是标题不仅要能完整地概括全文，还要简洁、明了并能吸引读者，即标题多用短语的形式，且具有醒目性等特点。

•主题句位于段首

Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease（illness）,cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smoker’scough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?

•主题句位于段尾

Oftennoonelooksmoreguiltythantheinnocent.Ontheotherhand,nobodymaylookmoreinnocentthanaprofessionalcriminal.Andthemanwhoknows“everything”mayreallyonlybetryingtohidehisownweakness.So,itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance.

•主题句位于段中

Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.

通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展.

即时检验

无明确主题句（重庆卷）

SirStevenRedgrave,winnerof5OlympicGoldMedals,oncesaid,“In1997Iwasfoundtohavedevelopeddiabetes（糖尿病）.Believingmycareerwasover,Ifeltextremelylow.ThenoneofthespecialistssaidtherewasnoreasonwhyIshouldstoptrainingandcompeting.Thatwasit—theencouragementIneeded.IcouldstillbeawinnerifIbelievedinmyself.Iamnotsayingthatitisn’tdifficultsometimes.ButIwantedtoprovetomyselfthatIwasn’tfinishedyet.Nothingistostandinmyway.”

61.WhatdoesSirStevenRedgravemainlytalkabout?

A.Difficultiesinfluencedhiscareer.

B.Specialistsofferedhimmedicaladvice.

C.Traininghelpedhimdefeathisdisease.

D.Heovercametheshadowofillnesstowin.

•干扰项的特点：

（1）概括范围太窄只含局部信息

（2）概括范围太宽泛

（3）无关或未提及的信息

确定文章主旨大意

典例1：

What’sthepassageabout?

A.Whatenergyisthecleanest.

B.Whethernuclearpoweriscleanenergy.

C.Howcarbondioxidegascanbereduced.

D.Whyclimatechangeshouldbeconcerned.

文本：

InKansas,wherewindsblowstrong,thepushforcleanenergyincludesnotonlynewwindturbinesbutalsonewnuclear-powerfactoriesaspartofa“carbon-free”solutiontoclimatechange.

It’sanideathatmaybecatchingon,atleast11newnuclearfactoriesareinthedesignstageinminestates,includingVirginia,Texas,andFlorida,accordingtotheNuclearEnergyInstitutewebsite.

Butthatcarbon-freesayinghasresearchersaskingagain；Howcarbon-freeisnuclearpower?

Andhowcost-effectiveisitinthefighttoslowglobalwarming?

“Sayingnucleariscarbon-freeisnottrue,”saysUweFritsche,aresearcherinDarmstadt,Germany,whohasconductedalife-cycleanalysisofthefactories.“Itproduceslesscarbonthanfossilfuel.Butifyouarehonest,scientificallyspeaking,thetruthis:

Thereisnocarbon-freeenergy.There’snofreelunch.”

“Yes,absolutelythere’scarbon,”saysPaulGenoa,directorofpolicydevelopmentfortheNuclearEnergyInstitute,whichrepresentsthenuclearpowerindustryintheUS.“Moststudieshavefoundcarbonproducedinthelife-cycleofnucleartobecomparablewithrenewable.Someshownucleartobeextremelyhigh,butwedonotfindthosebelievable.”

典例2：

Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.Codeine:

ANewMedicine

B.ChocolateMayCureCoughs

C.CoughTreatment:

AHardCase

D.TheobromineCanCauseCoughs

文本：

Somethinginchocolatecouldbeusedtostopcoughsandleadtomoreeffectivemedicines,sayUKresearchers.

  Theirstudyfoundthattheobromine,foundincocoa,wasnearlyathirdmoreeffectiveinstoppingcoughsthancodeine,whichwasconsideredthebestcoughmedicineatpresent.

...

  Theresearcherssaidthattheobromineworkedbykeepingdownanerveactivity（神经活动）,whichcausecoughing.Theyalsofoundthatunlikesomestandardcoughtreatments,theobrominecausednosideeffectssuchassleepiness.

典例3：

Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.TimexorRolex?

B.MyChildhoodTimex

C.Watches?

NotforMe!

D.Watches----aValuableCollection

文本：

WhenIwassevenmyfathergavemeaTimex,myfirstwatch.Ilovedit,woreitforyears,andhaven’thadanotheronesinceitstoppedtickingadecadeago.Why?

BecauseIdon’tneedone.IhaveamobilephoneandI’malwaysnearsomeonewithaniPodorsomethinglikethat.Allthesedevices（装置）tellthetime----whichiswhy,ifyoulookaround,you’llseelotsofemptywrists;salesofwatchestoyoungadultshavebeengoingdownsince2007.

Butwhilethewisehaverealizedthattheydon’tneedthem,others----apparentlyincludingsomedistinguishedmenofourtime----arespendingtotalfortunesonthem.BrandssuchasRolexcommandshockingprices,upto£250,000forapiece.…Butthesedaysallwatchestellthetimeaswellasallotherwatches.…Sowhypaythatmuchoffiveyears’schoolfeesforwatchesthatallowyoutodothesethings?

Watchesarenowclassifiedas“investments”（投资）...Butawatchisnotaninvestment.It’saamatteroffashion.Butwhenfashionmoveson,theownerofthat£350,000beautywillsuddenlyfindhisprideandjoyisnomoreagoodinvestmentthanmychildhoodTimex.

解题要点总结：

寻找主题句是解题的关键，主题句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼应，有时也有可能没有主题句，这时需根据文章所述内容进行归纳。

注意：

（1）段落中出现转折时，该句很可能是主题句。

如第1段的转折句或以But开始的第二甚至第三段第1句话。

（2）首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。

（3）在无明确主题句的文章中，作者有意识地反复重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。

即时检验：

作者写作意图

典例4：

Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthetextisto________.

A.showhisconcernaboutthehealthofpeople

B.makepeopleknowaboutAIDS

C.callonpeopletofightagainstAIDS

D.telluspeopleareshortoftheknowledgeofAIDS

文本：

Apicture,acalendarorevenaballoonmaybethebestwayformillionsofpeoplelivinginChina’svastcountryareastolearnaboutAIDS,oneofthebiggestthreatstopublichealthintheworldtoday.

Chinahasdecidedtouseuser-friendlymethodsincludingexhibitions,VCDsandTVprogrammestospreadknowledgeofthediseaseacrossthenationinordertotrytocontrolit.EducatingpeoplenationwideaboutAIDSisthetopprioritytopreventthediseasefromgettingoutofhand.Thefarmerswillbegivenknowledgeinwaysthattheycanunderstand.Arecentsurveyfromthecommissionofmorethan7000peopleinChinashowedthatnearly20percentofthemhadneverheardofAIDSbefore.

Just71percentsaidtheyknewAIDSwashighlycontagious,butmostofthemhadnoclearideaofhowthediseasecouldbespread.Justover62percentsaidtheyknewtheycoulddothingsinadvancetopreventthemselvesfromcatchingAIDSbuttheydidn’tknowwhatthesemeasureswere....

Chinaresidents,especiallythoseinthecountryside,haveverylittleknowledgeaboutwhatAIDSis,noraboutpreventionandtreatment....

Since1985,Chinahasdiscovered880patientswithAIDSand466ofthemhavedied.Sharingneedles,prostitutionandinfectedbloodtransmissionaremajorwaysforHIVtospread.AlackofeducationhasbeenthebiggestdifficultyagainstnationwideeffortstopreventAIDS,especiallyinthecountryside.

考试中作者写作目的通常有三种：

（1）toentertainreaders：

常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。

（2）topersuadereaders：

常见于广告或议论文。

广告是作者要推销一种产品或一种服务：

吸引更多的游客﹑读者或订户﹑观众等。

议论文是为了说服读者接受或赞同某一观点。

（3）toinformreaders：

多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章，以及劝告性或建议性的文章。

•要弄清写作目的，需要再判断好文章体裁的基础上把握文章主旨。

推理判断题

•准确理解作者的观点、立场和寓意要求考生根据文章的某个句子、段落或全文所提供的事实进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到的或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。

旨在考查考生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力。

•题干中常含infer（推断）,suggest（暗示）,imply（暗示）,conclude（得出结论）等词语。

•答案要求用文章中知识内容作为推理、判断的依据

解题要点：

纵观全文、抓住细节、周密分析、合理推断；

注意排除以下干扰项，以便缩小选择范围

•原文信息的简单重复，而非推断出来的结论。

•符合考生已有常识，但文章中没有信息支持。

•推理过度的片面结论。

•与文中内容不符或完全相反的结论等。

即时检验：

典例1

Iknowwhatyou’rethinking:

pizza？

Forbreakfast?

Butthetruthisthatyoucanhavelastnight’sleftoversinthemorningifyouwantto.

Iknowlotsofwomenwhoskipbreakfast,andtheyhaveatonofdifferentexcusesfordoingit.Somesaytheydon’thavetime,othersthinkthey’re“saving”calories,stillothersjustdon’tlikebreakfastfood.

Butthebottomlineisthateatinginthemorningisveryimportantwhenyou’retryingtoloseweight…Andevenpizzacanbehealthyifit’sloadedwithvegetables,andyousticktoonesmallpiece.

42.Whatcanweinferfromthetext?

A.Workingwomenusuallyhavebreakfastinahurry.

B.Manypeoplehavewrongideasaboutbreakfast.

C.Therearesomeeasywaysofcookingameal.

D.Eatingvegetableshelpssaveenergy.

典例2

Afewyearsago,PaulGernerbegantogatheragroupofarchitectsinLasvegastoaskthemwhatitwouldtaketodesignapublicschoolthatused50percentlessenergy,costmuchlesstobuildandobviouslyimprovedstudentlearning.“Ithinkhalfofthenfellofftheirchairs,”Gernersays.

GernermanagesschoolfacilitiesforClarkCounty,Nevada,adistrictroughlythesizeofMassachusetts....Greenschoolsareappearingallover,butinClarkCounty,whichstandsoutforitsvastness,suchaggressivetargetsaredifficultbecausedesignrequirementslikemorenaturallightforstudentsgoagainsttherealitiesofadesertclimate....

Surprisingly,themanresponsibleforoneofthemostprogressivegreen-designcompetitionshasdoubtsaboutideasofeco-friendlybuildings.“Idon’tbelieveinthenewgreenreligion,”Gernersays.“Someofthebuildingtechnologiesthatyougetareimpractical.I’minterestedinthosethatwork.”Buthewouldn’tmindifsomegreenfeaturesinspirestudents.Hesayshehopestosetupgreenenergysystemsthatallowthemtolear