最新英国文学名词解释大全整理版.docx
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最新英国文学名词解释大全整理版
名词解释
1.Epic(史诗)(appearedinthetheAnglo-SaxonPeriod)
Itisanarrativeofheroicaction,oftenwithaprincipalhero,usuallymythicalinitscontent,grandinitsstyle,offeringinspirationandennoblementwithinaparticularcultureornationaltradition.
Alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofgreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.
Epicisanextendednarrativepoeminelevatedordignifiedlanguage,likeHomer’sIliad&Odyssey.Itusuallycelebratesthefeatsofoneormorelegendaryortraditionalheroes.Theactionissimple,butfullofmagnificence.
Today,somelongnarrativeworks,likenovelsthatrevealanage&itspeople,arealsocalledepic.
E.g.Beowulf(thepagan(异教徒),secular(非宗教的)poetry)Iliad《伊利亚特》,Odyssey《奥德赛》ParadiseLost《失乐园》,TheDivineComedy《神曲》
2.Romance(传奇)(Anglo-NormanfeudalEngland)
•Romanceisanyimaginativeliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandthatdealswithheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvillainsormonsters.
•Originally,thetermreferredtoamedieval(中世纪)taledealingwiththeloveandadventuresofkings,queens,knights,andladies,andincludingsupernaturalhappenings.
Form:
longcomposition,inverse,inprose
Content:
descriptionoflifeandadventuresofanoblehero
Character:
aknight,amanofnoblebirth,skilledintheuseofweapons;oftendescribedasridingforthtoseekadventures,takingpartintournaments(骑士比武),orfightingforhislordinbattles;devotedtothechurchandtheking
•Romancelacksgeneralresemblancetotruthorreality.
•Itexaggeratesthevicesofhumannatureandidealizesthevirtues.
•Itcontainsperilous(dangerous)adventuresmoreorlessremotefromordinarylife.
•Itlaysemphasisonsupremedevotiontoafairlady.
①TheRomanceCycles/Groups/Divisions
ThreeGroups
●mattersofBritainAdventuresofKingArthurandhisKnightsoftheRoundTable(亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士)
●mattersofFranceEmperorCharlemagneandhispeers
●mattersofRomeAlexandertheGreatandtheattacksofTroy
LeMorteD’Arthur(亚瑟王之死)
②ClassNature(阶级性)oftheRomance
Loyaltytokingandlordwasthethemeoftheromances,asloyaltywasthecorner-stone(themostimportantpart基石)offeudalmorality.
Theromanceswerecomposednotforthecommonbutforthenoble,ofthenoble,andbythepoetspatronized(supported庇护,保护)bythenoble.
3.Alliteration(押头韵):
arepeatedinitial(开头的)consonant(协调,一致)tosuccessive(连续的)words.
e.g.1.Tohiskinthekindest,keenestforpraise.2.Singasongofsouthernsinger
4.Understatement(低调陈述)(forironicalhumor)
nottroublesome:
verywelcome
neednotpraise:
arighttocondemn
5.Chronicle《编年史》(amonumentofOldEnglishprose)
6.Ballads(民谣)(ThemostimportantdepartmentofEnglishfolkliterature)
①Definition:
Aballadisanarrativepoemthattellsastory,andisusuallymeanttobesungorrecitedinmusicalform.
AnimportantstreamoftheMedievalfolkliterature
②FeaturesofEnglishBallads
1.TheballadsareinvariousEnglishandScottishdialects.
2.Theywerecreatedcollectivelyandrevisedwhenhandeddownfrommouthtomouth.
3.Theyaremainlytheliteratureofthepeasants,andgiveanoutlookoftheEnglishcommonpeopleinfeudalsociety.
③Stylistic(风格上)FeaturesoftheBallads
1.Composedincouplets(相连并押韵的两行诗,对句)orinquatrains(四行诗)knownastheballadstanza(民谣诗节),rhymingababorabcb,withthefirstandthirdlinescarrying4accentedsyllables(重读音节)andthesecondandfourthcarrying3.
2.Simple,plainlanguageordialect(方言,土语)ofthecommonpeoplewithcolloquial(口语的,会话的),vividand,sometimes,idiomatic(符合当地语言习惯的)expressions
3.Tellingagoodstorywithavividpresentationaroundthecentralplot.
4.Usingahighproportionofdialoguewitharomanticortragicdimension(方面)toachievedramaticeffect.
④SubjectsofEnglishBallads
1.struggleofyounglovers
2.conflictbetweenloveandwealth
3.crueltyofjealousy
4.criticismofthecivilwar
5.mattersofclassstruggle
7.Heroiccouplet(英雄双韵体)(introducedbyGeoffreyChaucer)
Definition:
therhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter;averseforminepicpoetry,withlinesoftensyllablesandfivestresses,inrhymingpairs.
英雄诗体/英雄双韵体:
用于史诗或叙事诗,每行十个音节,五个音部,每两行押韵。
8.couplet(两行诗,对句):
Twoconsecutivelinesofpoetrythatrhyme.Aheroiccoupletisaniambicpentametercouplet.DuringtheRestorationperiodandthe18thC.itwasapopularverseform.
9.iambicpentameter:
ApoeticlineconsistingoffiveVersefeet(penta-isfromaGreekwordmeaning“five”),witheachfootaniamb--thatis,anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.
10.Rhyme(韵,押韵):
therepetition(反复)ofsoundsintwoormorewordsorphrasesthatappearclosetoeachotherinapoem.E.g.river/shiver,song/long
11.meter(格律)(属于Prosody['prɔsədɪ](韵文学;诗体学;(某语言的)韵律(学))):
Agenerallyregularpatternofstressedandunstressedsyllables(音节)inpoetry.
Themeterswithtwo-syllablefeetare:
Iambic(x/)(抑扬格):
Thattimeofyearthoumaystinmebehold
Trochaic(/x)(扬抑格):
Tellmenotinmournfulnumbers
Spondaic(//)(扬扬格):
Break,break,break/Onthycoldgraystones,OSea!
Themeterswiththree-syllablefeetare:
anapestic(xx/)(抑抑扬格):
Andthesoundofavoicethatisstill
dactylic(/xx)(强弱格,长短格,扬抑抑格):
Thisistheforestprimeval,themurmuring
pinesandthehemlock
(atrocheereplacesthefinaldactyl)
12.Rhythm(节奏,韵律)(属于Prosody['prɔsədɪ](韵文学;诗体学;(某语言的)韵律(学))):
referstotheregularrecurrence(反复,重现)oftheaccent(重读)orstressinpoemorsong.
e.g.therhythmofdayandnight,theseasonalrhythmoftheyear,thebeatofourhearts,andtheriseandfallofseatides,etc.
basicpatternsofrhythms
a) Iambicfoot(iamb['aiæmb])(抑扬格):
anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyanstressedoneasintheword“prevent”or“about”
It’stimethechildrenwenttobed.
We’lllearnapoembyKeats.
b) Trochaic[trəu'keiik]foot(trochee['trəuki:
])(扬抑格):
astressedsyllablefollowedbyanunstressedoneasin“football”,“never”,“happy”or“English”
WilliamMorristaughthimEnglish.
Double,double,toilandtrouble.
Fireburnsandcauldronbubble.
c) Anapesticfoot(anapest[ˈænəpi:
st] )(抑抑扬格):
twounstressedsyllablesfollowedbyastressedoneasin“comprehend”or“intervene”
I’vebeenworkinginChinaforfortyyears.
d) Dactylicfoot(dactyl)(强弱格,长短格,扬抑抑格):
astressedsyllablefollowedbytwounstressedonesasin“dangerous”,“cheerfully”,“yesterday”or“merrily”
13.Commonlinelengths:
numberoffeetperline
•onefootmonometer[mɔ'nɔmitə](rare)(单音部)
•twofeetdimeter['dimitə](二步)
•threefeettrimester['trimitə](三步)
•fourfeettetrameter[te'træmitə](四步)
•fivefeetpentameter[pen'tæmitə](五步)
•sixfeethexameter[hek'sæmitə]
•sevenfeetheptameter[hep'tæmitə](rare)
•eightfeetoctameter[ɔk'tæmitə](rare)
14.Linepatterns:
Couplet(相连并押韵的两行诗,对句):
2linesrhymingwitheachother
•Aheroiccoupletisaniambicpentametercouplet.
Tercet['tə:
sit](三行押韵诗句,三拍子):
3lines,terzarima(aba,bcb,cdc,ded)
Quatrain['kwɔtrein](四行诗):
4lines,balladstanza(abcb)
Octave['ɔktɪv,-,teɪv](八行诗):
8lines,ottavarima(abababcc)
Spenserianstanza(斯宾塞诗节):
9lines(ababbcbcc)(TheFaerieQueene(仙后))
Sonnet(十四行诗):
14lines(Shakespearean:
ababcdcdefefgg)
●Example:
Shewalksinbeauty,likethenight
ofcloudlessclimesandstarryskies;
Andallthat’sbestofdarkandbright
Meetinheraspectandhereyes:
Thusmellow’dtothattenderlight
Whichheaventogaudydaydenies
1.Footandlength:
Iambictetrameter
2.Rhyme(scheme):
ababab
15.Humanism
1)HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.Accordingtohumanists,humanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfectionandtheworldcanbequestioned,exploredandenjoyed.
2)Byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,incontrasttothemedievalemphasisonGodandcontemptforthethingsofthisworld,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttopursuehappinessofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwanders.
16.Drama
1.Definition
•Dramais“acompositioninproseorverse,adaptedtobeacteduponastage,inwhichastoryisrelatedbymeansofdialogueandaction,andisrepresentedwithaccompanyinggesture,costume,andscenery,asinreallife.”
2.TheDevelopmentofDrama
1.ReligiousPeriod
1)MysteryplayspresentedstoriesfromtheOldandNewTestamentoftheBible.
•CreationoftheWorld,theFall,theGreatFlood,Redemption,FinalJudgment,etc.
•ThebirthoftheChrist—childsymbolizedhopeinthedarknessofwinter;Christ’sresurrection(复活)accordedwiththeearth’srenewalinspring,andthepromiseofharvestatmidsummer.
2)Miracleplays(奇迹剧)
•Dramatizing(将-改编成剧本)thelivesandmiraclesofsaints,ordivineintervention(神的干预,介入)inhumanaffairs,thatis,storiesfromthelivesofsaints.
•OftenfocusedonblessedvirginMary
3)Moralityplays(道德剧)
•Presentingstoriescontainingabstract(抽象的)virtuesandvices(美德和恶习)ascharacters.
•Theywereplayswhichhadamoralmessage:
GoodandEvilfightfordomination(统治)ofthehumansoul.
•Everyman,thebestexample,isthestoryofacharacterrepresentingmankind.
2.ArtisticPeriod
ThefirstComedy,RalphRoisterDoister《拉尔夫·罗伊斯特·多伊斯特》writtenbytheschoolmaster,NicholasUdallbetween1550and1553
ThefirstEnglishtragedy,Gorboducwrittenin1561byThomasSackvilleandThomasNorton
3.Elementsofdrama
1.Plot(情节)
Thestructureofaplay’saction,theorderoftheincidents,theirarrangementandform.
2.Character(人物):
thevitalcenterofaplay
Howtheylook,what