经贸作业答案.docx

经贸作业答案.docx

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经贸作业答案

Chapter4

BenefitsofInternationalTrade

II.1.Acountrycanmakegainsfrominternationaltradeinthesevenfollowingaspects:

（1）Throughinternationaltradeacountrycanmakegooduseoftheresourcesabroadandcoordinateitsnationaleconomy;

（2）Throughtradingwithothercountries,acountrycanintroduceadvancedtechnologiesandequipmentsoastoimprovetheproductivity;

（3）Helpingtoenlargeacountry’saccumulationofcapital;

（4）Helpingacountrytoimporttheproductsthatcan’tbeproduceddomesticallyandmeettheneedsofitspeoplewell;

（5）Throughinternationaltradeacountrycanparticipateintheinternationalspecification;

（6）Throughinternationaltradeacountrycanaccelerateitsoveralleconomicgrowth；

（7）Throughinternationaltradeacountrycanpromotethedevelopmentofitsforeigneconomicandtraderelationshipandimproveitsinfluence;

2.OneofthereasonsthatthemechanismofWTOiscriticizedisthattheruleitselfisunpopular.Forexample,intheUruguayRoundthedevelopingcountrieswereforcedtoacceptintellectualpropertyprotocol,whichcannotbringmuchbenefittothem;ontheotherhand,thewealthycountries（suchastheUSA,FranceoftheEU,Japan）werereluctanttocompromiseonmanyterms（agriculture,antidumpingandanti-subsidy）thatthedevelopingcountriesconcern.

3.Internationaltrademeanstheexchangeofgoodsandservicesamongdifferentcountries.

Chapter5P70

ModernTradeTheories

（1）

II.1.李嘉图认为每个国家不一定要生产各种商品，而应集中力量生产那些具有最大绝对优势或最小绝对劣势的产品，然后通过国际贸易互相获利。

InRicardo’sopinionnotnecessarilyeverycountryhastoproduceallsortsofgoods.Whatanationshoulddoistoconcentrateitseffortsandresourcesonproducingthosegoodswhichcangeneratemoreadvantagesandbringaboutlessdisadvantagesandthenbenefiteachotherthroughinternationaltrade.

2.李嘉图的比较优势理论只提出国际分工的一个依据，但他并没有向人们展示国际分工形成和发展的根本原因。

ThecomparativeadvantagestheoryofRicardoonlyprovidesonereasonforinternationaldivisionoflabor,butitdoesn’tshowusthefundamentalreasonsfortheformationanddevelopmentofinternationaldivisionoflabor.

Chapter6P81

ModernTradeTheories

（2）

II.1.产品周期论，又称产品生命周期论，由美国经济学家弗农提出，并由威尔士等人加以发展。

根据该理论，新产品的生命周期主要经历四个阶段：

（1）引进阶段

（2）增长阶段（3）成熟阶段（4）衰落阶段。

在不同阶段出口商品的销售与利润是大不相同的。

Theproductcycletheory,alsocalledlife-cycletheory,wasworkedoutbyAmericaneconomistRaymondVernorandfurtherdevelopedbyL.T.Wells.Accordingtothistheory,thelife-cycleofanewproductmainlyexperiencesfourstagesasfollows:

introductionstage,growthstage,maturitystageanddeclinestage.Indifferentstages,thesalesandprofitabilityoftheexportedproductsarequitedifferent.

2.按照赫俄理论，相对要素禀赋和要素价格的区别是构成国际贸易基础的最重要的解释。

AccordingtotheH-Otheory,thedifferencesinrelativefactorendowmentsandfactorpriceconstitutethemostimportantexplanationofthebasisforinternationaltrade.

3.在2000年伯克利加州大学的经济学家安德鲁罗斯提出了贸易的“万有引力”模式。

他用牛顿的万有引力定律作类比，提出两国之间的贸易随他们的经济规模而增加，但却随他们之间的距离而减少。

罗斯创立的理论认为，加入货币联盟可能是影响贸易的因素之一。

In2000AndrewRose,aneconomistattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,extendedtheGravitymodeloftrade.Heraisedtheidea,byanalogywithNewton’stheoryofthegravitationalpullofplanets,thatthetradebetweentwocountriesincreaseswiththeireconomicsize,butdecreaseswiththedistancebetweenthem.ThistheoryestablishedbyMr.Rosepointedthatthemembershipofacurrencyunionisoneofpossibleinfluentialfactorsontrade.

Chapter7P93

ArgumentsonGovernmentInterventioninInternationalTrade

II.1.为什么美国努力保护其半导体工业免于国外的竞争？

答案很简单：

因为很多美国官员认为现在半导体是他们防御产品中的重要组成元件，主要依赖国外的生产商对他们而言将会非常危险。

2.However,retaliationisahighlyriskystrategy.Ifthethreatenedforeigngovernmentrefusestobackdown,say,byfollowingatit-for-tatpolicy,itwillleadtoatradewarorotherconflicts.Intheendboththethreateninggovernmentandthethreatenedgovernmentwillsufferaloss.

然而报复战略风险极大。

如果受威胁的外国政府拒绝做出让步而采取针锋相对的政策，这将导致一场贸易战或者其他冲突。

最终无论是发出威胁的国家还是受到威胁的国家都将蒙受损失。

Chapter8

InternationalTradePolicies

II.1.AfterthefoundingoftheUniteStatesofAmerica,thefirstfinancialministerofAmericaA.Hamilton,whorepresentsthebourgeoisthatheldtheviewofdevelopingAmerica’seconomyindependently,raisedthepointsasfollowsinhismanufacturingindustryreportin1791:

InordertomakeAmericaindependentineconomy,Americashouldundertakeprimarilythemethodofincreasingitsimporttarifftoprotectitsdomesticinfantindustry.

2.Inthemiddleandlate1970sininternationaltradeliberalizationemergednewtradeprotection.Newtradeprotectionismhasthecharactersasfollows:

（1）increasingthenumberofproductsforprotection;

（2）diversifyingtradeprotectivemeasureincludingsettingupnon-tariffbarriersandunderthepretextofordermarketingarrangementbypassingthebasicprincipleofGATTandundertakinggrayareameasure;（3）integratingprotectionismwithforeigntradesystem.

Chapter9P127

RegionalEconomicIntegration

II.1.东盟自1967年成立以来，虽然推出了一些优惠贸易安排计划，但因各国考虑自身利益较多，该联盟并未带来预期的效果。

SincetheAssociationofSouthEastAsianNationsformedin1967,itpushedmanypreferentialtradearrangementplans,butbecausethemembernationsconsideredmuchabouttheirowninterests,thisassociationdidn’tachievetheexpectedresults.

1.2、完全经济一体化是经济一体化的最高阶段。

在此阶段，域内各国在经济、金融、财政等政策方面均完全统一，在成员国之间完全取消商品、资本、劳动力、服务等自由流通的人为障碍，欧盟正朝着此方向迈进。

Aneconomicunionisthehighestformofregionaleconomicintegration.Inthisphase,allmembernationsintheunioncompletelyunifyeconomic,monetaryandfiscalpoliciesandeliminatetheartificialbarriersforthefreeflowofthegoods,capital,laborandserviceetc.amongthesenations.TheEUisontheroadtowardaneconomicunion.Aneconomicunionisthehighestformofregionaleconomicintegration.Inthisphase,allmembernationsintheunioncompletelyunifyeconomic,monetaryandfiscalpoliciesandeliminatetheartificialbarriersforthefreeflowofthegoods,capital,laborandserviceetc.amongthesenations.TheEUisontheroadtowardaneconomicunion.

III.1.TheNAFTAisanagreementpertainingtotheexchangeofgoodsandservicesamongthethreeNorthAmericancountries：

Canada,theUnitedStates,andMexico.Theagreementcallsfortheeliminationorgradualphasingoutoftariffsongoodsandservicesexchangedamongthesecountries.

北美自由贸易协定是一项关于在三个北美国家即（加拿大、美国和墨西哥）进行商品和服务交换的协定。

该协定要求取消或者逐渐消除在这几个国家之间进行的商品和服务交换活动时的关税。

2.TheNAFTAalsocallsforrulespertainingtodirectforeigninvestment,protectionofintellectualpropertyrights,disputesettlement,labourstandards,andenvironmentissues.

北美自由贸易协定也对外国直接投资、知识产权的保护、纠纷的解决、劳工标准和环境问题做了规定。

Chapter10

ExchangeRateandInternationalTrade

II.1.InJuly2003,theU.S.SecretaryofTreasury,Mr.Snow,declaredthattherenminbishallberevaluedonseveralpublicoccasions.Besides,presidentoftheFederalReserve,AlanGreenspan,alsoexpressedhisconcernsabouttheexchangerateoftherenminbionceonahearingoftheU.S.Congress.

2.RevaluingtherenminbidramaticallywillimposeanegativeimpactonforeigncompaniesengagedinFDIinChinaaswellasChina’seconomy.

3.Actually,manyforeignersincludingthoseinJapanandtheU.S.don’texpecttherenminbitoberevaluedbecauseappreciationintherenminbiwillcauseariseinpricesofChinesegoodsintheircountries,whichwilldefinitelydeterioratetheirlivingstandard.

4.ChinesegovernmenthasstatedthatitwillkeeptheexchangerateofrenminbibasicallystableinordertoguaranteeitsowninterestsaswellasinterestsofforeigninvestorsinChina.

IV.1.三年来居高不下的失业率一直给美国制造业者带来诸多的麻烦。

而现在美国政客和企业主们找到了一个为自己开脱的替罪羊，那就是中国，或者更确定的说是中国的货币——人民币。

2.核心问题是人民币的汇率问题。

中国政府一直采用人民币对美元的钉住汇率制。

批评者们指出，人民币价值因此被低估打40%。

Chapter12

InternationalInvestmentandMultinationalEnterprises

II.1.Itseemsnaturaltosupposethattradeingoodsisthesamewithtradeincapital.However,theyareactuallydifferentinsomeways.

2.Incertainitisnecessarytocontrolforeigninflows,especiallyshort-termcapital（e.g.hotmoney）.

3.Afloodofcapitalintoaneconomywithimmatureandpoorlyregulatedfinancialinstitutionscanbringabouteconomiccalamityratherthanpromotetheeconomicdevelopment.

4.Owingtoitsstablepoliticalsituations,potentialhugemarketandcheaphumanlaborasanengineofAsianeconomicrevitalization,Chinahasremarkablyimproveditsforeigninvestment,whichisroughlyestimatedoverUSD35billion.

5.AccordingtothestatisticsissuedbytheU.S.ChamberofCommerce,inthefirsthalfyear,AmericantradedeficithassetarecordofUSD224.269billion,anincreaseof25.3percentoverthesameperiodoflastyear.Ifitcontinuedtosurgeinthisrate,thetotalthroughouttheyearwouldtopUSD500billion.

III.1.经济落后的国家需要尽可能多的国外投资，对外国直接投资不采取任何监管措施，同时长期投资对经济稳定几乎不会产生威胁。

2.毫无疑问，发展中国家应该努力改善他们的金融制度，以便更有效地吸收国外投资。

3.中国巨大的市场和成为出口基地的前景正吸引着美国、日本和欧洲的跨国公司不断增加在中国的投资。

4.有效改善贸易条件的能力是中国巨大的市场竞争力之一。

中国很有可能凭借雄厚的实力使自己价格低廉的产品占领整个国际市场。

Chapter13P193

GATT

II.1.GATT1994restsonthefollowingeightprinciples:

1）non-discrimination.ThisisthemostimportprincipleoftheGATT;2）ProtectionbyTariffandTariffConcessions;3）GeneralEliminationofQuantitativeRestriction;4）FairTradebasedonProhibitionofDumpingandRestrictionofExportSubsidies;5）ExemptionandEmergencyPrinciple;6）ConsultationandMediationPrinciple;7）SpecialPreferentialTreatmenttoDevelopingCounties;8）TransparencyPrinciple.Oftheeightabove-mentionedprinciples,thefirstthreeareessentialandcarriedforwardbytheWTO.

2.总协定的最惠国待遇条款是无条件的，它要求每一个缔约国应该在进出口方面以相等的方式对待所有缔约国。

EachcontractingpartyisunconditionallyobligatedbytheMost-Favored-Nation（MFN）provisiontotreatbothimportationandexportationofgoodsequal