英美国家概况名词解释.docx

英美国家概况名词解释.docx

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英美国家概况名词解释

1.theHardian’sWall:

ItwasoneofthetwogreatwallsbuiltbytheRomanstokeepthePictsoutoftheareatheyhadconquered.

2.AlfredtheGreat：

Alfredwasastrongkingofthewisemen.ItwascreatedbytheAnglo-Saxonstoadvisetheking.It’sthebasisofthePrivyCouncilwhichstillexiststoday.

3.WilliamtheConqueror：

WilliamwasDukeofNormandy.HelandedhisarmyinOct,1066anddefeatedkingHarold.ThenhewascrownedkingofEnglandonChristamsDaythesameyear.HeestablishedastrongNormangovernmentandthefeudalsysteminEngland.

4.thebattleofHastings：

In1066,KingEdwarddiedwithnoheir,theWitanchoseHaroldasking.William,DukeofNormandy,invadedEngland.OnOctober14,thetwoarmiesmetnearHasting.Afteraday’sbattle,Haroldwaskilledandhisarmycompletelydefeated.SothisbattlewasveryimportantonthewayoftheRomanconquest.

5.DomesdayBook：

UnderWilliam,thefeudalsystemwasestablished.WilliamsentofficialstocompileapropertyrecordknownasDomesdayBook,whichcompletedin1086.ItwastheresultofageneralsurveyofEnglandmadein1085.Itstatedtheextent,value,thepopulation,stateofcultivation,andownershipoftheland.ItseemedtotheEnglishliketheBookofdoomonJudgementDay

6.theGreatCharter：

KingJohn’sreigncausedmuchdiscontentamongthebarons.In1215,hewasforcedtosignadocument,knownasMangnaCara,ortheGreatCharter.Ithas63clauses.ThoughithaslongbeenregardedasthefoundationofEnglishliberities,itsspiritwasthelimitationoftheking’spowers,keepingthemwithintheboundsofthefeudallawoftheland.

7.theHundredYears’War：

ItreferredtotheintermittentwarbetweenFranceandEnglandthatlastfrom1337to1453.Thecauseswerepartlyterritorialandpartlyeconomic.WhenEdwardIIIclaimedtheFrenchCrownbuttheFrenchrefusedtorecognize,thewarbrokeout.AtfirsttheEnglishweresuccessful,butintheend,theyweredefeatedandlostalmostalltheirpossessionsinFrance.TheexpellingoftheEnglishwasablessingforbothcountries.

8.JoanofArc：

ShewasanationalheroineofFranceduringtheHundredYears’War.ShesuccessfullyledtheFrenchtodrivetheEnglishoutofFrance.

9.theBlackDeath：

ItwasthedeadlybubonicplaguewhospreadthroughEuropeinthe14thcentury.ItsweptthroughEnglandwithoutwarningandanycure,andsparingnovictims.Itkilledbetweenhalfandone-thirdofthepopulationofEngland.Thus,muchlandwasleftuntendedandlabourwasshort.Itcausedfar-reachingeconomicconsequences.

10.theWarsofRoses：

TheyreferredtothebattlesbetweentheHouseofLancasterandtheHouseofYorkbetween1455and1485.Theformerwassymbolizedbytheredrose,andthelatterbythewhiteone.Afterthewars,feudalismreceiveditsdeathblowandtheking’spowerbecamesupreme.ThdormonarchsruledEnglandandWalesforovertwohundredyears.

11.BloodyMary：

HenryVIII’sdaughterandadevoutCatholic.WhenshebecameQueen,shepersecutedandburntmanyProtestants.Soshewasgiventhenickname“BloodyMary”.MaryisalsorememberedasthemonarchwholosttheFrenchportofCalais.

12.ElizabethI：

OneofthegreatestmonarchsinBritishhistory.ShereignedEngland,WalesandIrelandfor45yearsandremainedsingle.HerreignwasatimeofconfidentEnglishnationalismandofgreatachievementsinliteratureandotherarts,inexplorationandinbattle.

13.OliverCromwell：

TheleaderduringtheCivilWarwholedtheNewModelArmytodefeatthekingandcondemnedhimtodeath.ThenhedeclaredEnglandaCommonwealthandmadehimselfLordofProtector.HeruledEnglandtilltherestorationofcharlesIIin1660.

14.theBillofRights：

In1689,WilliamandMaryacceptedtheBillofRightstobecrownedjointly.ThebillexcludedanyRomanCatholicfromthesuccession,confirmedtheprincipleofparliamentarysupremacyandguaranteedfreespeechwithinboththetwoHouses.Thustheageofconstitutionalmonarchybegan.

15.WhigsandTories：

ItreferredtothetwopartynameswhichoriginatedwiththeGloriousRevolutionof1688.TheWhigswerethosewhoopposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomforNoncomformists.TheTorieswerethosewhosupportedhereditarymonarchyandwerereluctanttoremovekings.TheWhigsformedacoalitionwithdissidentToriesandbecametheLiberalParty.TheToriesweretheforerunnersoftheConservativeParty.

16.JamesWatt：

TheScottishinventorwhoproducedanefficientsteamenginewithrotarymotionthatcouldbeappliedtotextileandothermachinery.

17.WinstonChurchill：

PrimeMinisterofBritainduringtheSecondWorldWar.HetookoverChamberlainin1940andreceivedmassivepopularsupport.Heledhiscountrytofinalvictoryin1945.Hewasdefeatedinthegeneralelectionof1945,butreturnedtopowerin1951.

18.Agribusiness：

ItreferstothenewfarminginBritain,becauseit’sequippedandmanagedlikeanindustrialbusinesswithasetofinputsintothefarmofprocesseswhichoccuronthefarm,andoutputsorproductswhichleavethefarm.Theemphasisisuponintensivefarming,designestogivethemaximumoutputofcropsandanimals.

19.theBritishConstitution：

ThereisnowrittenconstitutionintheUnitedKingdom.TheBritishConstitutionisnotsetoutinanysingledocument,butmadeupofstatutelaw,commonlawandconventions.TheJudiciarydeterminescommonlawandinterpretstatues.

20.QueenElizabethII：

ThepresentSovereign,bornin1926,cametothethronein1952andwascrownedin1953.TheQueenisthesymbolofthewholenation,thecenterofmanynationalceremoniesandtheleaderofsociety.

21.theOpposition：

IntheGeneralElection,thepartywhichwinsthesecondlargestnumberofseatsbecomestheoffcialOpposition,withitsownleaderand“shadowcabinet”.TheaimsoftheOppositionaretocontributetotheformulationofpolicyandlegislation,toopposegovernmentproposals,toseekamendmentstogovernmentbills,andtoputforwarditsownpoliciesinordertowinthenextgeneralelection.

22.thePrivyCouncil：

Formerlythechiefsourceofexecutivepower.ItgavetheSovereignprivate（“privy”）adviceonthegovernmentofthecountry.Todayitsroleismainlyformal,advisingtheSovereigntoapprovecertaingovernmentdecreesandissuingroyalproclamation.Itsmembershipisabout400.

monlaw：

Awrittenlawgatheredfromnumerousdecisionsofthecourtsandothersources.

24.thejury：

AlegalsystemestablishedinEnglandsincekingHenryII.Thejuryconsistsofordinary,independentcitizenssummonedbythecourt:

12personsinEngland,WalesandNorthernIreland,and15personsinScotland.Incriminaltrialsbyjury,thejudgepassessentencebutthejurydecidetheissueofguiltorinnocence.

25.theNHS：

TheNationalHealthServicewasestablishedintheUKin1948andbasedfirstonActsofParliament.ThisServiceprovidesforeveryresidentafullrangeofmedicalservices.Itisbasedupontheprinciplethatthereshouldbefullrangeofpubliclyprovidedservicesdesignedtohelptheindividualstayhealthy.Itisnowalargelyfreeservice.

prehensiveschools：

Statesecondaryschoolswhichtakepupilswithoutreferencetoabilityandprovideawide-rangingsecondaryeducationforallormostofthechildreninadistrict.About90percentofthestatesecondaryschoolpopulationinGBattendcomprehensiveschool.

27.publicschools：

Fee-payingsecondaryschoolswhicharelongestablishedandhavegainedareputationfortheirhighacademicstandards,aswellastheirexclusivenessandsnobbery.Theboys’publicschoolsincludesuchwell-knownschoolsasEtonandHarrow,andgirls’famousschoolsincludeRoedean.MostofthemembersoftheBritishEstablishmentwereeducatedatapublicschool.

28.theGreatLakes：

TheGreatLakesarethemostimportantlakesintheUnitedStates.TheyareLakeSuperior,whichisthelargestfreshwaterlakeintheworld,LakeMichigan——theonlyoneentirelyintheU.S.——LakeHuron,LakeErieandLakeOntario.TheyarealllocatedbetweenCanadaandtheUnitedStatesexceptLakeMichigan.

29.NewEngland：

NewEnglandismadeupofsixstatesoftheNorth-East.TheyareMaine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,RhodeIsland,andConnecticut.ItissometimescalledthebirthplaceofAmerica.

30.babyboom：

“babyboom”referstothegreatincreaseofbirthratebetween1946and1964.Peopleborninthisperiodarecalledbabybammers.

31.theChineseExclusionAct：

ItwaspassedbytheU.S.Congressinmay,1882.ItstoppedChineseimmigrationfortenyears.

32.theBillofRights：

In1789,JamesMadisonintroducedintheHouseofRepresentationsaseriesofamendmentswhichlaterweredraftedintotwelveproposedamendmentsandsenttothestatesforratification.Tenofthemwereratifiedin1791andbecamethefirsttenamendmentstotheConstitution——theBillofRights.

33.theEmancipationProclamation：

DuringtheCivilwar,LincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclamationtogetmoresupportfortheUnionathomeandabroad.Itgrantedfreedomtoallslaves.

34.theConstitutionalConvention：

In1787,aconferencewasheldinPhiladelphiatoconsiderwhatshouldbedonetomaketheArticlesofConfederationadequate.AllthedelegatesagreedtorevisetheArticlesofConfederationanddrawupanewplanofgovernment.Afterstruggle,theConstitutionwasratifiedatlast.ThisconferenceiscalledtheConstitutionalConversion.

35.theProgressiveMovement：

TheProgressiveMovementisamovementdemandinggovernmentregulationoftheeconomyandsocialconditions.Itspreadquicklywiththesupportoflargenumbersofpeopleacrossthecountry.Itwasnotanorganizedcampaignwithclearlydefinedgoals.

36.thePeaceConference：

ThePeaceConferenceort