语言学概论 课后参考答案 XMUCharpter79.docx

语言学概论 课后参考答案 XMUCharpter79.docx

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语言学概论课后参考答案XMUCharpter79

KeytoLinguisticsofXiamenUniversity

Charpter7

7.1.1

1.Regionaldialectisthekindofdialectthatisspokenandusedbythepeopleinageographicalregion.Everylocalgroupofpeoplespokethelanguagealittledifferentlyfromothergroups.Forinstance,thesedifferencesmaybefoundinpronunciation,spelling,andtheuseofwordsandgrammaticalstructures.Withthepassageoftime,aregionaldialectmaybecomethestandarddialectofanation.Thisislargelyduetoanumberofsocio-economicandpoliticalreasons.

2.SociolinguisticstudieshaverevealedthatwomenspeakersofEnglishspeakmoreorlessdifferentlythantheirmalecounterparts.Femalespeechlackstheassertivetoneofmalespeech.Womentendtousemorerisingintonations.Theymayseekpermissionbydoingthis.Womenusemoretagquestionsandreverseaccentsthanmen.Theymakeaheavieruseoftheinconclusiveintensifierssoandsuch.Womenaremorecarefultofollowprescriptiverulesofgrammar.Moreover,women'sspeechshowsamorerefinedperceptionincertainareas.Womenaresaidtohaveacolorvocabularythatcontainsitemssuchasazureandturquoise.

3.Yes.Youngpeoplearelikelytoborrowsomewordsoriginallyusedinthetechnicalfield,liketheyoungmayhaveusedthewordcool,formerlyawordfromtheInternet.Youngpeoplearelikelytoinventnewuseofvocabularyandslangwords.Agedspeakersmaybemoreconsciousoftheirsocialclassbyusinglanguagetofashionthemselvesasdifferentfromyoungpeople.Mostoftheagedspeakersmaykeepmanyoftheirolddialectswiththem,andsomemaysticktotheprescriptiveuseoflanguageinordertopreservethetradition,orsimplytogainrespect.Manyoldspeakersresisttheinnovationexpressionsandlanguagechange.

7.1.2

1.Dialectisavarietyoflanguagewhichdiffersgrammatically,phonologicallyandlexicallyfromothervarieties,andwhichisassociatedwithaparticulargeographicalareaand/orwithaparticularsocialclassorstatusgroup.Alanguageistypicallycomposedofanumberofdialects.Registerisdefinedaccordingtotheuseoflanguage.Itisatechnicaltermusedtodescribealanguagevarietythatisassociatedwithaparticulartopic,theinterpersonalrelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer,andthespeechchannel.Registerscanidentifyspeakersasbeingmembersofaparticulargroup,andareforthatreasonoftenlabeledjargon.

2.Yes,thereshouldbesomedifferences.WhenscientistsaretalkingaboutITamongthemselves,technicaltermsmaybeused.Yet,whentheytalktolittlechildren,theymaytrytousevocabularyeasyforthechildrentounderstand.Theymayavoidtechnicalterms.

7.1.3

1.a）Heisnice.　b）Theyaremine.　c）I'mgoingtodoit.

d）Johnwillbehappy.　e）Johnishappy.　f）Hewillbelate.

g）Heislate.　h）Areyoutired?

　i）Areyoutired?

2.InBlackEnglish,oneprominentsyntacticfeatureisthefrequentabsenceofvariousformsoftheverb"be".AnothersyntacticfeatureofBlackEnglishisthesystematicuseoftheexpression"itis"whereStandardEnglishuses"thereis".

7.2.1

1.Sapir-WhorfhypothesisisahypothesisassociatedwiththeAmericanscholarsEdwardSapirandBenjaminLeeWhorf.Thehypothesisassumesthatpeople'shabitualthoughtpatternsandwaysofperceivingtheworldareconditionedtoacertainextentbythecategoriesanddistinctionsthatareavailabletothemintheirnativelanguage.Speakersofdifferentlanguagesmaythereforehaveratherdifferentworld-views,dependingonhowdifferentthelanguagesarefromoneanothersemanticallyandgrammatically.

2.Whenlanguageisusedincontextsofcommunication,itisboundupwithcultureinmultipleandcomplexways.Membersofacommunityorsocialgroupdonotonlyexpressexperience;theyalsocreateexperiencethroughlanguage.Throughallitsverbalandnon-verbalaspects,languageembodiesandsymbolizesculturalreality.Thetheoryoflinguisticrelativityclaimsthatlinguisticstructuretendstoinfluencewhattheyroutinelydothink.Itisrecognizedthatlanguage,ascode,reflectsculturalpreoccupationsandconstrainsthewaypeoplethink.Cultureissemanticallyencodedinthelanguageitself,andatthesameexpressedthroughtheactualuseofthelanguage.

3.TomostChinesespeakers,theassociativemeaningof'dog'isnegativeineffect.TomostEnglishspeakers,theassociativemeaningof'dog'ispositiveineffect.

7.2.2

1.Thisistheresultofever-increasingpolitical,economic,academicandculturalcontactsandexchangesamongspeakersofdifferentlanguages.

2.TheChinesekinshipsystemisnotexactlythesameastheEnglishkinshipsystem.Atthewordlevel,mostEnglishkinshiptermsdoesnotmakefurtherdistinctionsintermsofrelativesonmother'sorfather'sside.Forexample,theterm'uncle'canrefertothebrother