英美文学笔记0418.docx

英美文学笔记0418.docx

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英美文学笔记0418

TheRenaissancePeriod

-OldEnglish450-1066,theyearofNormanconquestofEngland.

-OldEnglishPoetry:

thereligiousgroup-onbiblicalthemes

secularone—heroicage

Medievalperiod---（1066---14thCentury）

Fame:

1066Normanconquest--threechanges—feudalismsystemestablished（politically）

---CatholicChurch（Religiously）

---French,Latin,English（co-existedlanguage）

IncomparisonwitholdEnglishliterature:

（1）widerrangeofsubjects

（2）themesconcernedwiththepersonalsalvation（3）romancelove（4）thelanguageissimpleandstraightforward‘Theepicreflectsaheroicage,theromancereflectsachivalricone’骑士

-,isregardedasthenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons.Thetheme:

presentsavividpictureofhowtheprimitivepeoplewageheroicstrugglesagainstthehostileforcesofthenaturalworldunderawiseandmightyleader.Thepoemisanexampleoftheminglingofnaturemythsandheroiclegends.

-GeoffreyChaucer,whoforthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,presentedtousacomprehensiverealisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflifeinhismasterpiece.

-GeoffreyChauceristhegreatestwriterofthisperiod.

-ChaucerintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzas押尾韵ofvarioustypestoEnglishpoetrytoreplacetheOldEnglishalliterativeverse.押头韵.InTheRomauntoftheRose,octosyllabiccouplet,TheLegendofGoodWomen,rhymedcoupletofiambicpentameterwhichistobecalledlatertheheroiccouplet.InCanterburyTales,heroiccouplet.novel:

thefirstmodernnovel.

-Therenaissance（14-mid-17thcentury）marksatransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.ItfirststartedinItaly.

①movefromfeudalistideastotheinterestofrisingbourgeoisie.

②recoverfromcorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurchtothepurityoftheearthlychurch.

England:

thereignofHenryVIII---England‘sGoldenAgeinliterature

---BiblesinEnglishinsteadofLatinreadableforcommonpeople

------literarygiants:

Shakespeare,Spenser,JonsonSidney,Marlowe,Bacon,andDonne

ThetimeofTudos----changemonasteries修道院intoschoolsanduniversities------theEnglishRenaissanceflourishing

-Traitsofhumanisticpoetry:

meter,rhyme,scheme,imageryandargumentshouldbecombinedtoframetheemotionaltheme.Poetrywastobeaconcentratedexerciseofthemind,ifcraftsmanshipandoflearning.

-ThefirstperiodofTheEnglishRenaissancewasoneofimitationandassimilation.

-HumanismbegantotakeholdinEnglandwhentheDutchscholarDesideriusErasmuscametoteachtheclassicallearning,firstatOxfordandthenatCambridge.

-ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.

-WilliamCaxton,thefirstpersonintroducedprintingintoEnglandandtranslatedbooksinEnglish

-PetrarchandhissuccessorsestablishedthelanguageofloveandsharplydistinguishedthelovepoetryoftheRenaissancefromitscounterpartsintheancientworld.

-IntheearlystageofRenaissance,poetryandpoeticdramawerethemostoutstandingliteraryformsandtheywerecarriedonespeciallybyShakespeareandBenJonson.

-TheElizabethandramaistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.

-ThemostfamousdramatistsintheRenaissanceEnglandareChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeareandBenJonson.

-FrancisBacon,thefirstimportantEnglishessayist,isbestknownforhisessayswhichgreatlyinfluencedthedevelopmentofthisliteraryform.HewasalsothefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.Hiswritingspavedthewayfortheuseofscientificmethod.

-TheheroofRomanceinmedivelperiodisusuallyaknight.

WilliamShakespeare

-38plays,154sonnetsand2longpoems.

-“anupstartcrow“byRobertGreene（UniversityWits）

-1593to1594,Shakespearepublishedtwolongnarrativepoems,VenusandAdonisandTheRapeofLucrece,bothofwhichwerededicatedtotheearlofSouthampton.

FourPeriods:

FirstPeriod（apprenticeship）FIVEhistoryplaysandFOURcomedies

-5Historyplays:

,PartsⅠⅡⅢand,

-4comedies:

,,,and

SecondPeriod

5histories:

,PartsⅠandⅡ,and

Sixcomedies:

,,,,,And

TwoTragedies:

,.

Byconstructingacomplexpatternbetweendifferentcharactersandbetweenappearanceandreality,Shakespearemadesubtlecommentsonavarietyofhumanfoibles.

ThirdPeriod

Includeshisgreatesttragediesandhisso-calleddarkcomedies.

Tragedies:

,,,,,and

TwoComedies:

and..

TheLastPeriod

Includeshisprincipalromantictragicomedies:

,,and

FinalPlays:

and

-Shakespeare’shistoryplaysaremainlywrittenundertheprinciplethatnationalunityunderamightyandjustsovereignisanecessity.

thefirstofthegreatesttragedies,mostpopularplayonthestage.Ithasthequalitiesofa‘blood–and–thunder’thrillerandaphilosophicalexplorationoflifeanddeath.Hamletisamelancholic优柔寡断prince,whoistoosophisticatedtodegradehisnaturetotheconventionalroleofrevenge.Shakespearecondemnsthehypocrisyandtreachery背叛andgeneralcorruptionattheroyalcourt）

（theoldKingLearsuffersformtreachery背叛andinfidelity不忠）

（Othello’sinnerweaknessismadeuseofbytheoutsideevilforce）

（Macbeth‘slustforpowerstirsuphisambitionandleadshimtoendlesscrimes.）

Twodarkcomedies（）

-TheMerchantofVenicetakesastepforwardinitsrealisticpresentationofhumannatureandhumanconflict.（Anoptimisticattitudetowardloveandyouth,praisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaasaheroine.,andShylockasanevilfigure）

-RomeoandJuliet,whicheulogizesthefaithfulnessofloveandthespiritofpursuinghappiness.

Greatesttragedies:

,,,.Thecommon:

eachportrayssomenoblehero,whofacestheinjusticeofhumanlifeandiscaughtinadifficultsituationandwhosefateiscloselyconnectedwiththefateofthewholenation.

（thebestofhisfinalromances,itisatypicalexampleofShakespeare‘spessimisticviewtowardhumanlifeandsocietyinhislateyears.Hewishestosolvetheconflictbydreamsandsupernaturalpower）.

-Thethreeunities,formulatedbyRenaissancedramatists,aretheunitiesoftime,placeandaction.

（Shakespearehasafaithinthepermanenceofpoetry.Anicesummer’sdayisusuallytransient,butthebeautyinpoetryinpoetrycanlastforever.

JohnMiltonthegreatestprosewriterofhisage.

-isthegreatestepicinEnglishliteraturesince

Threepoeticalworks:

,,.

早期诗歌:

elegies挽歌,forhisbestfriendEdwardKing,whodiedofdrown.

Thepoembeginswithgriefandafeelingofimmaturity.Theemotionmovesfromsadnesstoacceptanceintheend.

中期散文：

isprobablyhismostmemorableprosework,itisagreatpleaforfreedomofpress-------smoothandcarms.

晚期史诗：

选读alongepicdividedinto12books.ThestoryistakenfromtheBible..SatanandotherangelsrebelagainstGod.SatansucceedsinseduceEvetoeattheappleformthetreeofknowledge.Asaresult,AdamandEveareexiledbyGodfromtheparadise.Inthefallofman,Adamdiscoveredhisfullhumanity.Thethemeis“FallofMan”,intendingtoexposethewaysofSatanandto“justifythewaysofGodtomen”

ThepictureofIsrael’smightychampion,blind,alone,afflicted折磨bycruelenemiesbutpreservinganobleidealtotheend.Itisafittingclosetothelifeworkofthepoethimself,ThewholepoemstronglysuggestsMiltonshimselfcouldbringdestructiondownupontheenemyatthecostofhisownlife.ThedramaisthemostperfectexampleoftheversedramaaftertheGreekstyleinEnglish.

-showshowmankind,inthepersonofChrist,withstandsthetempterandisestablishedoncemore

二TheNeoclassicalPeriod（1660-1798）

-ItstartsfromthereturnoftheStuartstotheEnglishthronein1660tothepublicationofLyricalBalladsbyWordsworthandColeridgein1798.

-The18thcenturyEnglandisalsoknownastheAgeofEnlightenmentortheAgeofReason.

-Thoughts:

①Theybelieveinhardwork,self-reliance自力更生,andself-restraint.自制Towork,toeconomize节俭andtoaccumulatewealthconstitutedthewholemeaningoftheirlife.

②Theycalledfororder,reason,andrules,whichcansavepeoplefromsuperstition,injusticeandoppression.Theybelievethatifthemasseswerewelleducated,theymaybecapableofperfection,theequalhumansocietymaycomeintobeing.

-TheEnlightenment①wasaprogressiveintellectualmovementin18THEurope②whichflourishedinFranceandsweptthroughthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime,③themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15thand16thcenturies,④itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.

Literatureideas:

①Theliteratureisheavilydidactic教导andmoralizing说教的.

②Theybelievethattheartisti