英语国家概况期末复习2.docx
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英语国家概况期末复习2
实用文档
人物与历史文献US
茶税法TeaAct
《巴1783年美英两国于巴黎签订的条约同样成为TheTreatyofParis巴黎公约黎条约》，该条约的签订代表着英国承认美国独立，停止敌对行为，但仅承认美国占领密西西比河以东的土地。
（Philadelphia）费城第二次大陆会议（TheSecondContinentalCongress）
召开:
commanderinContinentalArmyGeorgeWashington乔治·华盛顿?
），通称TheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates?
美利坚合众国宪法?
（）?
美国宪法?
（U.S.Constitution1787年宪法美国联邦宪法?
或:
ThomasJefferson托马斯·杰斐逊TheDeclarationofIndependence?
独立宣言?
:
亚伯拉罕·林肯AbrahamLincoln?
theEmancipationProclamation解放黑人奴隶宣言?
HomesteadAct?
宅地法?
GettysburgAddress?
葛底斯堡演说?
罗斯福新富兰克林·:
TheNewDealFranklinD.Roosevelt德拉诺·罗斯福政年富兰克林·罗斯福就任美国总统后所实行的一系列经济政策，其核心是1933），因此有时也被）和改革（Reform：
救济（三个RReliefRecovery）、复兴（R新政。
称为三?
农业调整法AgriculturalAdjustmentAct?
?
NationalIndustrialRecoveryAct?
全国工业复兴法?
?
社会保障法（MartinLutherKing）马丁．路德．金恩民权运动CivilRightsMovement
我有一个梦想（IHaveaDream）
HarryTruman哈瑞．杜鲁门:
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TheTrumanDoctrine
杜鲁门主义EuropeanRecovery），也称为欧洲复兴计划马歇尔计划（TheMarshallPlanProgram
Reagan里根:
StarWarsProgram星球大战计划IrangateScandal伊朗门事件尼克松Nixon:
WatergateScandals水门事件:
ZippergateScandal克林顿BillClinton
UK
KingJohn国王约翰?
：
MagnaCarta/TheGreatCharter1215年?
大宪章fromraisingmoneypersonalpowerinlimitstoimposelegalontheKing's
hissubjects
:
ThePetitionofRight1628?
权力请愿书?
年页Charles查理一世第29页第权利法案?
:
BillofRights32?
32页ThetreatyofParis1763年第
概念搭配UK
Constitution
、1powersthelaysdownofsetrulesandconventionsthatconstitutionAisa
andfunctionsofstateinstitutionsandtheirrelationshipwitheach
other.
Thecabinet
2、withassociatedisoftengovernment,decision-makingThemajorbodyinthe
theofficeofthePrimeMinister.
）
法院，仲裁机构Tribunal（3、Amoreinformalandlessexpensivealternativetocivilandcriminal
courts,whichhandlesminorcasesoutsideoftheofficialcourtsystem.
（英国上议院的）大法官、4TheLordChancellor
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andEngland司法部，法院ofthejudiciary（）inTheLordChancellorishead
Wales.
Thesocialsecuritysystem
、5financialinstandardoflivingforpeopleItisdesignedtosecureabasic
needfromthecradletothegrave.
US
）
国会1、Congress（SenatemadeupoftheofThelegislativebranchthefederalgovernment,is
andtheHouseofRepresentative.
TheSupremeCourt
2、Consistsofachiefjusticeandeightassociatejustices.
问答题英国部分Unit3P41
1.WhowerethemainforeigninvadersofBritainatdifferenttimesin
Britishhistory?
Whatcontributionshavetheyrespectivelymadetothe
英国历史上不同时期主Britishculture,orwhatimpactshavetheyhad?
P13
要的外国侵略者？
及对英国的文化贡献或影响？
LatinWordsofHadrian'sWall帝
（1）JuliusCaesar凯撒大（55BC）
origins,Romannumbers,thesolarcalendar,Romanlaws,andthecensustookrootlocally.Christianityspread
s]?
人口普查['sensk?
developedtheHeptarchy,['hept
（2）Germanictribesmen日耳曼人ɑestablishedOldEnglish
七王国；七头统治；七国连盟]?
（3）Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁-撒克逊ChristianitygainedholdinBritain
（4）Normans诺曼人madeNormanfeudalism封建主义；封建制度['fju?
d?
l?
z（?
）m]
2.WhatwasthesocialbackgroundfortheReformationtotakeplacein
England?
WhatmajorachievementsdidtheElizabethan[i,liz?
'bi:
θ?
n]
伊丽莎白一世时代的era['?
?
r?
]witness?
英格兰革新的社会背景？
伊丽莎白一世见证的成就？
P28
IntheMiddleAges,theChurchhadgainednotonlymaterialimportance,
butalsoextensivepowerinpoliticsandlaw.﹙P28﹚
Elizabeth:
Puttingtorestthereligiousissues;
Reducingthepoweroftheoldnobility;
Reachingfartherthanbeforethroughtradeandadventure;
DefeatingArmadaatseaCulturalandartisticmovements（theEnglish
Renaissance）
3.HowdidtheEnglishCivilWarbreakout?
Whatweretheconsequences
实用文档
ofthewar?
英国内战如何爆发？
结果如何？
P29
TheabsoluteruleofCharlesIarousedtheresistanceofthepeopleand
thebourgeoisies.Charlestookconteraction.HewantedtoarrestPym,
HampdenandthreeotherleadersoftheCommons,buthefailedtodoso.
So,hedepartedforthenorth,hopingtofindsupportersinthewestand
northdistricts.ThustheCivilWarbegan.
Consequences:
TheKingCharles'sarmwasdefeated.CharlesIwasbeheaded.
In1649,theHouseofLordsandtheofficeofKingwereabolishedanda
CouncilofStatewassettocarrytheexecutiveworkofthegovernment,
andEnglandwasdeclaredaCommonwealth.
Unit4P50
4.WhatarethecharacteristicsoftheBritishConstitution?
英国宪法的特点？
P43
（1）Constitutionalmonarchy['m?
n?
k?
]君主立宪制
（2）Parliamentarysovereignty['s?
vr?
nt?
]议会至上
（3）Representativedemocracy代议民主
（4）Theruleoflaw﹝P43﹞
5.WhatarethefunctionsofParliament?
Howdoesthelaw-makingprocess
work?
议会的功能是什么？
法律制定工作是如何运行的？
P44
（1）Tolegislate立法
（2）Tovotethetaxation征税andexpenditures[?
k'sp?
nd?
t?
?
]支出ofthegovernment
（3）Toexaminegovernmentpoliciesandadministration行政
（4）Todebatemajorpoliticalissuesoftheday（P45）
6.Whatismeantbythe“two-partysystem”intheUKtoday?
Howeffective
issuchasystem?
英国两党制在今天有何意义？
这种制度如何起作用？
P48
TheBritishpartypoliticsofgovernmentintheUKParliamentwithpower
beingheldbyeitherConservativePartyorLabourParty.Thepartywhich
winsmostMPseatsintheHouseofCommonbecomesthegoverment.The
largestminoritypartybecomestheofficialOpposition,withitsown
leaderandshadowcabinet.
美国部分
Unit1P123
1.WhatarethecharacteristicsofMiddleAmerica,geographically,
culturally,andpolitically?
美国中部的地理、文化、政治特点？
P115
Geographically,theMiddleAmericareferstotheterritorybetween
theEastCoastoftheUnitedStates（particularlythenortheast）andthe
WestCoast.IthasyieldedsomeofAmerica'sgreatestagriculturaland
mineralwealth,istheheartofAmerica.
Culturally,Americaiscontrastedwiththemoreculturally
progressiveurbanareasofthecountry,particularly,thoseoftheEast
andWestCoasts.TheconservativevaluesconsideredtypicalofMiddle
America（oftencalled
amilyvaluesinAmericanpolitics）areoften
实用文档
calledMiddleAmericanvalues.TheideaofMiddleAmericamayexclude
locationssuchasChicago（thethirdlargestcityintheUnitedStates
andoneoftheworld'stenalphacities）andverywealthycitieslikeAspen,
Colorado.ThecoastalregionsofthesouthernUnitedStatesareimplicitly
included.
Politically,ThephraseMiddleAmericanvaluesisapoliticalcliché;likefamilyvalues,itreferstomoretraditionalorconservative
politics,althoughlargercitiessuchasSt.Louis,Missouriand
Minneapolis,Minnesota,andmajoruniversitytownssuchasMadison,
Wisconsin,Columbia,MissouriandLawrence,Kansasprovideexceptions.
ManyofthepoliticalbattlegroundstatesaresituatedinMiddle
America.
2.WhatmakestheNortheaststandoutasauniqueculturalregion?
美国东北部独特的文化区域？
P119
theNortheastofAmericaisdenselypopulatedandhighurban,andit's
thenation'seconomicandculturalcenter.Sincethisareawasoneofthe
twoearliestsettlementsbyBritishcolonists,Americanstendtotrace
manyofthenation'scorevaluestotheregion.Oneoftheregion's
greateststrengthsinitseconomiccompetitionwithotherregionsisits
longtraditionofsupportforeducation.Additionally,theregionhasalso
enjoyedalonghistoryofboomingtourismindustry,bothforitsbeautiful
landscapeandforitssignificantroleinshapingtheearlypartof
Americanhistory.
Unit2P143
3.WhatdoyouthinkoftheFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStatesof
America?
Weretheygreat?
你怎么看待美国的开国元勋？
他们获得哪些伟大的成就？
AmericahasproducedsuchgreatmenasGeorgeWashington,ThomasJefferson,
andAbrahamLincoln.Undoubtedly,theFoundingFathersoftheUnited
StatesofAmericamadegreatcontributionstotheUS.Allservedin
importantpositionsintheearlygovernmentoftheUnitedStates.They
alsoputforthasetofpoliticalideasthatbecamesodeeplyembedded
inthenationalconsciousnessthattheyareoftenreferredtoasthe
AmericanCredo.
4.WhatwerethemainreasonsthatmadetheUnitedStatestheworld's
leadingindustrialpowerinthelate19thandearly20thcenturies?
19到20世纪美国位于世界工业霸权的地位的主要原因？
P128
AYankeetraditionoftradeandcommercethatprovidedboththeskilland
thecapitalrequiredforindustrialexpansion;acommitmenttoprivate
propertyandtheprofitsystemthatgavetheRockefellers,theMorgans,
andtheCarnegiestheincentivetobuildcorporateempires;anabundant
andskilledlaboursupply;politicalinstitutions......P130第一段全部
5.WhatwerethechiefcausesoftheGreatDepression?
DidtheNewDeal
实用文档
solvetheproblemsbroughtaboutbytheDepression?
Whyandwhynot?
大萧条的主要原因？
新政解决大萧条问题了吗？
P132
Thechiefcausescanbefoundintheunbalancedeconomybothdomesticand
internationalofthetwenties.
TheNewDealdidn'tsolvetheproblemitself.TheNewDealwasaseries
economicprogramstohelpalleviatethedisastrousimpactoftheGreat
Depression.Theprogramsfocusedonthreeaspects,includingrelieffor
theunemployedandpoor,recoveryoftheeconomytonormallevelsand
reformthefinancialsystemtopreventarepeateddepression.
小测
Part1:
TrueorFalse
1.TheUnitedKingdomconsistsoffourpoliticaldivisions—England,
Ireland.FNorthernScotland,WalesandIreland英国由四个政治区组成：
英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰P3
2.ThelongestriverinBritainistheThames.FtheSevern英国最长的河流是赛文河P7
3.IntheUK,mostundergraduate（bachelor's）degreestakethreeyears
tocomplete.T在英国，大多数本科（学士）学位需要三年才能完成P96
4.TheEnglish,theScots,andtheWelshareAnglo-Saxons,buttheIrish
areCelts.F只有英格兰人才能可盎格鲁—萨克逊人onlyTheEnglishis
Anglo-SaxonsP13
5.SocialclassintheUKlaysmoreemphasisonmoneyandproperty.F英国的社会阶层更注重金钱和财产
6.Thename“England”derivedfromtheAngles,oneoftheGermanictribes
whocametoEnglandinthe5
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