跨文化交际上课内容0910下11.docx

跨文化交际上课内容0910下11.docx

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跨文化交际上课内容0910下11

Week11

Unit7TimeandSpace

Questionsfordiscussion:

1.Ifyouwereinvitedtoanotherfamily’shousefordinnerwhenwouldyouarrive?

2.Howlongwouldyouhavetowaitinalineinthepostofficebeforeyoubecameupset?

3.Howlongdoyouthinkapartyatwhichdinnerisservedshouldlast?

4.Ifyouwerehavingapartyinyourclass,howmanydaysinadvancewouldyouinviteyourteachersorstudentsfromanothercollege?

5.Whenfirstmeetinganewcomertoyourclassorafriend’sparents,anappropriateamountoftimetotalkwiththemwouldbeminutes.

6.Ifyouhadanappointmentwithaprofessorat8:

00andarrivedat8:

45,howwouldtheprofessorreact?

I.Chronemics

Chronemicsisthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.

（i）TheSilentLanguage（p239-241）

1.Traditionsandconventionsaresilentinthesensethattheyareoftenunconscious.

2.WhatwouldanAmericanbusinessmandoifheis3minuteslateforanappointment?

Whatif4minuteslate?

5minuteslate?

3.Whatwouldyoudointheabout-mentionedsituation?

4.TheWesterntraditionofenvisioningtimeasaline:

※Thesenseoftime:

1）Timeislinear.Westernculturesthinktimeislinear—aflowfromthepasttothepresenttothefuture.

2） Timeiscyclical.Lifeonearthevolvedinresponsetothecyclesofdayandnightandtheebbandflowofthetides.

（ii）MonochronicandPolychronicTime（p271-275）

1.WhatisM-TimeandP-Time?

Whichdoyouthinkisthedominatingtimesysteminourculture?

1）Monochronictimemeanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime–eventsscheduledasseparateitems.

2）Polychronictimemeansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.

2.Whatisthephilosophyunderlyingeachofthetimesystem?

1）P-timestressesinvolvementofpeopleandcompletionoftransactionsratherthanadherencetopresentschedules.Appointmentsarenottakenasseriouslyand,asaconsequence,arefrequentlybroken.P-timeistreatedaslesstangiblethanM-time.

Weakness:

Mattersinapolychromiccultureseeminaconstantstateofflux.Appointmentsarefrequentlybroken.

2）InM-timesystem,socialandbusinesslifeiscommonlyschedule-dominated.Byscheduling,wecompartmentalize;thismakesitpossibletoconcentrateononethingatatime,butitalsoreducesthecontext.M-timeisalsotangible.M-timeschedulingisusedasaclassificationsystemthatorderslife.

Weakness:

Lifeingeneralisattimesunpredictable.M-timereducesthecontextandalienatepeoplefromthemselvesandfromothers.

（iii）SocialTime:

TheHeartbeatofCulture（p244-247）

1.WhatdoestheauthorwanttotellusfromhisexperienceinBrazilandthequestionnairebetweenstudentsinNiteroiandthoseinFresno?

2.Therearen’tunanimousperceptionsoftimeamongculturallydifferentpeople.Evenwithinonecountry,ideasoftimeandpunctualityvaryconsiderablyfromplacetoplace.Differentregionsandevencitieshavetheirowndistinctrhythmsandrules.

3.Whatdoyouthinkofbeingpunctual?

HowdotheWesternersdefinepunctualitywithmeasuresoftime?

4.Appreciatingculturaldifferencesintimesensebecomesincreasinglyimportantasmoderncommunicationsputmoreandmorepeopleindailycontact.Ifwearetoavoidmisreadingissuesthatinvolvetimeperceptions,weneedtounderstandbetterourownculturalbiasesandthoseofothers.

※AmericanConceptofTime:

（SeeCase23&24）

II.Proxemics

Afascinatingareainthenonverbalworldofbodylanguageisthatofspatialrelationships,orproxemics,thestudyofman'sappreciationanduseofspace.Asaspecies,manishighlyterritorialbutwearerarelyawareofitunlessourspaceissomehowviolated.Spatialrelationshipsandterritorialboundariesdirectlyinfluenceourdailyencounters.Maintainingcontroloversuchspaceisakeyfactorinpersonalsatisfaction;observingspatialinteractionsineverydaylifeisakeytopersonalawareness.

（i）Thestudyofproxemicsincludesthreeaspectsofspace:

（a）fixedfeaturesofspace.（b）semifixedfeaturesofspace,and（c）personalspace

（a）fixedfeaturesofspace

Fixedfeaturespaceischaracterizedbyunmovableboundaries,likedivisionswithinanofficebuilding.Architectureandspacingofbuildingsalsobelongtothisaspectofspace.

（b）semifixedfeaturesofspace

Semifixedfeaturesofspacerefertospatialarrangementsofmovableobjectswithinaroom,suchasfurniturearrangementandseating.

1.furniturearrangement:

FrenchspaceisareflectionofFrenchculture.Everythingiscentralized,andspatiallytheentirecountryislaidoutaroundcenters.

InGermany,whereprivacyisstressed,officefurnitureisspreadthroughouttheoffice.

InJapan,wheregroupparticipationisencouraged,manydesksarearrangedhierarchicallyinthecenterofalarge,commonroomabsentofwalls.

Chinesegeomancy,fengshui,istheartofarrangingthephysicalenvironmenttoestablishharmonywiththenaturalenvironmenttoachievehappiness,prosperity,andhealth.

2.seating

IntheUnitedStates,theytendtotalkwiththoseoppositethemratherthanthoseseatedorstandbesidethem.

TheChineseoftenexperienceuneasinesswhentheyfacesomeonedirectlyorsitonoppositesideofadeskortablefromsomeone.

（c）personalspace（p254-256）

Behavioralstudyindicatesthatindividualsperceiveadistancethatisappropriatefordifferenttypesofmessages;theyalsoestablishacomfortabledistanceforpersonalinteractionandnonverballydefinethisastheirpersonalspace.Researchsupportsthehypothesisthattheviolationofthispersonalspacecanhaveseriousadverseeffectsoncommunication.Thus,ifanindividualistobemutuallysatisfiedinacommunicationencounterhis/herpersonalspacemustberespected.Shouldanintruderinvadethispersonalspacewhilealsotrespassingwithinterritorialboundariesheplacedhimselfindoublejeopardyandmustcompensatefortheother'sincreasedanxiety.

ThedifferencesamongAmericans,theJapaneseandtheArab（p255）

IntheUnitedStates,HallreportsthatpsychologistshaveidentifiedfourzonesfromwhichU.S.peopleinteract:

theintimatezone,thepersonalzone,thesocialzone,andthepubliczone.

InIndia,thereareelaboraterulesabouthowcloselymembersofeachcastemayapproachothercastes.

InArab,ArabsofthesamesexdostandmuchcloserthanNorthAmericans.AnArabenteringanelevatormaystandrightnexttoanotherpersonandbetouchingeventhoughnooneelseisintheelevator.

（ii）Territoriality

Territorialityreferstohowspacecanbeusedtocommunicatemessages.

Territorialclaimsdifferfrompersonalspaceinthatthepersonalzoneaccompaniestheindividualwhileterritorialityisrelativelystationary.Semi-fixedfeaturespaceisoftenthecriteriausedtoestablishaterritorywithinanyenvironment;itbecomesaman'ssafetyzonewhereherestsfromtherigorsofdefendingpersonalspacefrominvasion,thedramaticorsuddenentryintoanother'spersonalzone.Humans,likeanimals,indicatetheirownershipofthisestablishedterritoryandwillconsequentlydefenditagainstallinvasions.Territorialityisestablishedsorapidlythateventhesecondsessioninaseriesoflecturesissufficienttofindmostoftheaudiencereturningtotheirsameseats.Andifonehasbeensittinginaparticularseatandsomeoneelseoccupiesit,onecannoticeafleetingirritation.

Comparethedifferencesamongtheculturesofthecountriesmentionedin“HomeandCulture”（p258-262）.

America:

showingvisitorsaroundhome;peoplearenotallowedtolockdoorsexceptthebathroomdoor;kitchenistheplacefornegotiationbetweenthemotherandthechildren;theparents’bedroomismostlyoff-limits.

Germany:

requiresawideareaofprivacy,formalandregimented;doorsarefirmlyshutbetweenrooms;anentrancehalltoleadvisitorsintothehousewithoutshowingspecificroomsandspoilingthefamily’sprivacy.

NorthernEuropeancountries:

rudeifnotcallinadvance;nottoexpectthetourofthehost’shome.

France:

neverdropinunannounced;notourofthehouse;guestsareusuallyreceivedinthelivingroom,withthedoorstotheotherroomsclosed.

Italy:

youcandropinanytimewithoutcallingfirst,exceptfortherestinghoursof2:

00to4:

00pm.

Spain:

callahead;normalvisitinghoursare4:

00to6:

00pm.

LatinAmericancountries:

guests,evendroppinginwithoutwarning,aregreetedwarmly,oftenwithhugsandkisses;tocommunicateinthediningroom.

TheMiddleEasterncountries:

thelayoutofthesalon;

III.CaseAnalysis

BillhadjustarrivedfromtheUnitedStatestostudyengineeringataChineseuniversity.InthefirstfewdayshemetandmovedinwithhisroommateZemin.overthenextfewdayshenoticedthatfemalestudentsoncampusfrequentlywalkedarm-in-armorevenholdinghands.Henoticed,too,thatstudentsofbothsexes,butespeciallytheboys,wouldhuddlearoundnewspaperdisplaysinafashionofclosecontact.Billfeltratheruncomfortableandwonderedhowhewouldrespondifoneofhisclassmatesweretoputhisarmsaroundhim…

Question:

whydoesBillfeeluncomfortable?