COLLEGE ENGLISH 3 Lesson 11 Diogenes and Alexander.docx

COLLEGE ENGLISH 3 Lesson 11 Diogenes and Alexander.docx

《COLLEGE ENGLISH 3 Lesson 11 Diogenes and Alexander.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《COLLEGE ENGLISH 3 Lesson 11 Diogenes and Alexander.docx（11页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

COLLEGEENGLISH3Lesson11DiogenesandAlexander

课题

Lesson11DiogenesandAlexander

教学目标和要求：

TeachingAims:

1.Understandthemeaningofcynicandcynicism

2.Learnnewwordsandexpressions;usefulphrasesandidioms

3.Graspthemainideaandstructureofthetext

4.Masterthegrammar:

ThePresentParticipleasAttributiveModifierandModels

教学主要内容：

MajorSteps

1.Introductiontocynicandcynicism

2.Warm-upactivities

3.Detailedstudyofthetext

﹡studyofimportantlanguagepointsandexpressions

﹡comprehensionquestion

﹡structureanalysisandtheme

4.Writingskills

5.Wordstudy

6.Grammar

7.Exercisecheck-up

教学重点和难点：

EmphasisinTeaching:

Understandthemainideaofthetext.

DifficultPointsinTeaching:

1.Dealwithsomedifficultpointsofthetext

2.Analyzesometypicalsentencepatterns

教学方法和使用教具：

Teachingmethods

1.Task-basedLanguageTeachingApproach（pairworkandteamwork）

2.Interactiveteachingapproach

Teachingaids

1.Teachingnotespreparedbytheteacher

2.1blackboard

3.AComputerandOverheadprojector

提问讨论：

Discussion:

1）Whatdoyouthinkofthepersonwhoislyingonthestreet,shoeless,bearded,half-naked?

2）Whatisthemainideaofthetext?

3）IftheworldweretofollowDiogenes,whatwouldbetheresults?

4）DoesDiogenesremindyouofanyancientChinesephilosopher?

Wouldyouliketomakeacomparisonbetweenthem?

Questionsonpages399-401inthetextbook.　

布置作业：

1）Recitetheusefulphrasesandidiomsonpage397

2）UnderstandmoreaboutDiogenesandAlexanderthroughinternet

3）Finishvocabularyexercises

4）Recitetherequiredparagraph

TeachingNotes

IntroductiontoGreekphilosophies

DoyouknowwhereandwhenthefirstOlympicGameswereheld?

Greece—itsmainlandislocatedinthesoutheastEuropeonthesouthernBalkanPeninsula（巴尔干半岛）,withnumerousislands（around3,000）intheMediterranean（地中海）,Aegean（爱琴海）,andIonian（爱奥尼亚海）seas.Itisoneofthemostimportantcentersofearlycivilization.

Freeintellectualandscientificexplorationstartedmeninsearchafterfactsandlawsofnatureandproducedmanygreatphilosophersandmenofscience.

TherearemanyfamousphilosophersinancientGreece.Couldyounamesomeofthem?

“Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.”–Archimedes[ɑ:

ki'mi:

di:

z].

Socrates（469-399BC）AGreekphilosopherfromAthens,whowastheteacherofPlatoandwhoseideasareknownfromPlato’swritings.Heisknownforencouragingpeopletothinkcarefullyaboutideasbeforeacceptingthemandfordevelopingthemethodofexaminingideasaccordingtosystemofquestionsandanswersinordertofindoutthetruth.ThisisknownastheSocraticmethodordialectic.TheGreekauthoritiesdisapprovedofhisideasandmethods,andsaidhewasabadinfluenceonyoungpeople.Theyforcedhimtokillhimselfbydrinkinghemlock,apowerfulpoison.

Plato（427?

-347B.C.）wasaGreekphilosopher,afollowerofSocrates.HefoundedtheAcademy,wherehetaughtandwroteformuchoftherestofhislife.Platopresentedhisideasintheformofdramaticdialogues,asinTheRepublic.

Aristotle（385-323B.C.）wasthegreatestofheathenphilosophers.ApupilofPlato,thetutorofAlexandertheGreat,andtheauthorofworksonlogic,ethics,metaphysics,naturalsciences,politics,andpoetics,heprofoundlyinfluencedWesternthought.Inhisphilosophicalsystem,theoryfollowsempiricalobservation,andlogic,basedonthesyllogism,istheessentialmethodofrationalinquiry.

Antisthenes （c.445BCE–c.365BCE）wasa Greekphilosopher andapupilof Socrates.Antisthenesfirstlearned rhetoric under Gorgias beforebecominganardentdiscipleof Socrates.Headoptedanddevelopedthe ethical sideofSocrates'teachings,advocatingan ascetic lifelivedinaccordancewith virtue.Laterwritersregardedhimasthefounderof Cynic philosophy.

DiogenesThebestknownoftheCynics,apupilofAntisthenes;livedinabarrelandownednothingbutacloak,astick,andabreadbag.DescribedbyPlatoas“aSocratesgonemad”.Forhisvagrantlifestyle,Diogeneswasnicknamed“thedog”（fromwhichthename"cynic"isderived”）.（Whywashecalledadog?

Diogenes:

"BecauseIfawnuponthosewhogivemeanything,andbarkatthosewhogivemenothing,andbitetherogues."）

CynicismoriginallycomprisedthevariousphilosophiesofagroupofancientGreekscalledtheCynics,foundedbyAntisthenesinaboutthe4thcenturyBC.TheCynicsrejectedallconventions,whetherofreligion,manners,housing,dress,ordecency,advocatingthepursuitofvirtueinasimpleandunmaterialisticlifestyle.TheclassicalGreekandRomanCynicsregardedvirtueastheonlynecessityforhappiness,andsawvirtueasentirelysufficientforattaininghappiness.ClassicalCynicsfollowedthisphilosophytotheextentofneglectingeverythingnotfurtheringtheirperfectionofvirtueandattainmentofhappiness,thus,thetitleCynics,derivedfromtheGreekwordκύων,（“dog”inEnglish）becausetheyallegedlyneglectedsociety,hygiene,family,money,etc,inamannerreminiscentofdogs.Theysoughttofreethemselvesfromconventions;becomeself-sufficient;andliveonlyinaccordancewithnature.Theyrejectedanyconventionalnotionsofhappinessinvolvingmoney,power,orfame,toleadentirelyvirtuous,andthushappy,lives.TheancientCynicsrejectedconventionalsocialvalues,andwouldcriticizethetypesofbehaviors,suchasgreed,whichtheyviewedascausingsuffering.Emphasisonthisaspectoftheirteachingsled,inthelate18thandearly19thcentury,tothemodernunderstandingofcynicismas“anattitudeofscornfulorjadednegativity,especiallyageneraldistrustoftheintegrityorprofessedmotivesofothers.”Thismoderndefinitionofcynicismisinmarkedcontrasttotheancientphilosophy,whichemphasized“virtueandmoralfreedominliberationfromdesire.”

Warm-upactivities

1）Whatdoyouthinkofthepersonwhoislyingonthestreet,shoeless,bearded,half-naked?

2）IntroductiontoDiogenesandAlexander

Theworld’sgreatestCynic,Diogenes,wasbornin412B.C.inSinope,acityontheBlackSea.AsayoungmanhemovedwithhisfathertoAthens.TherehebegantolearntheteachingsofagroupknownastheCynics.ThenameCynicwasderivedfromtheGreekwordwhichroughlytranslatedasdoglikeanddescribestheantisocialbehaviorofadherentsofthebelief.Thecynicsbelievedthatfulfillmentinlifewastobeobtainedbythetotalabstinencefromallworldlypleasures.Tothem,virtuewastheonlygood.Theybecamesuspiciousandcontemptuousofothers.

TheyoungDiogenesbecameastudentofoneofthefoundersofCynicism,amannamedAntisthenes.HebecametotallyobsessedwiththefrugallifestyleoftheCynics,takingthedisowningofmaterialismtonewheights.Hedid,infact,becomeadourascetic.DiogenesbecameconvincedthatCynicismandthetotalabstinenceofthethingsoftheworldwasthepathtoultimateenlightenment.OnoneoccasionheissaidtohavewalkedthestreetsofAthensinthemiddleofthedaywithalightedlampinsearchofavirtuousperson.ThistypeofeccentricbehaviourwasoftenusedtodrawattentiontotheCynicsandattractnewrecruitstotheranksofbelievers.OnonememorableoccasionDiogeneswasapproachedbythegreatAlexandertheGreat.Alexander,apparentlyinanattempttounderminethecynicbelief,askedDiogeneswhathewantedmostintheworld.Diogenes’answer?

HewantedAlexandertostepasidesothathewasnolongerblockingtheSun.

DiogenesandhisfellowCynics,asaresultoftheircastingawayallcreaturecomforts,livedasbeggars.Theylookeduponworkingforalivingwithutterdisdain.Theyalsorejectedanycivicdutiesorresponsibilities.And,ofcourse,theybecamebitterlysarcastictowardsothers.

Diogenes,himself,wasthemasteratshowingdisrespectandthrowingsarcasmatothers.Asaresult,hecametobereferredtosimplyas‘thedog’.Diogenesdiedabout320B.C.,havinglivedfornineangrydecades.HiseccentricityandextremeantisocialbehaviorprovedtobethedownfallofCynicism.Thebelieffellintodisreputesoonafterhispassing.Withinintimeithaddisappearedalltogether.Allthatisleftofitinourmodernworldistheword‘cynic’whichisusedunfavorablytodescribeapersonwhoisdisposedtofindfaultwithothers,anunwittingimitatorofthefatherofcynicism,Diogenes.

AlexanderwasthekingofMacedoniaandconquerorofAsiaMinor,Syria,Egypt,Babylonia,andPersia.HisreignmarkedthebeginningoftheHellenisticAge.

Alexander’sconquestsandtheadministrativeneedsofhisGreek-speakingsuccessorpromotedthespreadoftheGreeklanguageandGreekcultureacrosstheeasternMediterraneanandintoMesopotamia.

Explanationofthetext:

difficultwords,phrasesandsentences

1）Hewasone,butnottheother.

Hewasabeggar,butnotalunatic.

2）…donehisbusinesslikeadogattheroadside.

Hehaddefecated（orurinated）likeadogattheroadside.

Hehademptiedhisbowels（orpassedwater）likeadogattheroadside.

3）…washedthemdownwithafewhandfulsofwaterscoopedfromthespring.

scoop—toliftoutasifwithascoop

Diogenesoncehadaroughwoodencup.Laterhethrewitawaywhenhesawaboydrinkingoutofhishollowedhands.

4）Sometimestheythrewbitsoffood,andgotscantthanks;sometimesamischievouspebble,andgotashowerofstonesandabuse.（scant—barelysufficient;short）

Thisisasentencecharacterizedbybalanceandparallelismforrhetoricaleffect.

5）Heknewtheyweremad,eachinadifferentway:

ToDiogenes,thepeopleinthemarketplaceweremad,eachinadifferentway.

6）PeoplecalledhimTheDogandcalledhisphilosophyCynic