翻译功能论对导游词汉英翻译的策略导向.docx

翻译功能论对导游词汉英翻译的策略导向.docx

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翻译功能论对导游词汉英翻译的策略导向

翻译功能论对导游词汉英翻译的策略导向

"论文关键词：

功能论导游词中英翻译策略

论文摘要：

随着成功举办第29奥林匹克运动会，中国作为新崛起的大国在世界舞台上扮演着更加重要的角色，使得来华旅游人数的不断攀升，中国的旅游业也在飞速发展着。

导游，将肩负起比以往更加艰巨的职责，要把景点的奇美之所在，文化的精妙之处精准地传达介绍给来华游客。

导游口译，作为专业领域的翻译，亟需有效的翻译理论指导并提供相应的汉英翻译策略以克服其翻译障碍。

本文旨在引进德国的功能派翻译理论对导游词汉英翻译的策略导向进行阐述,以导游词翻译现状为切入点，涉及纽马克的文本功能分类说以及费米尔的翻译目的论,简述导游词翻译的语言特征。

继而从导游词翻译中所存在的翻译障碍出发，详释产生障碍的原因和中英语言在表现形式的不同点并引用一些导游口译中汉英翻译的实例,通过不同翻译方法的对比分析,提出在处理导游词汉英翻译过程中所需要运用的策略，以此实现在功能派翻译理论指导下进行导游词汉英翻译方面的无与伦比的意义。

ⅠIntroduction

China,aenormouslandabundantinsightseeingresources,hasrankedhighalloverthewordforitsspectacularnaturalwondersandmysteriousheritages.TouristscanclimbtheGreatWall,lookaroundtheImperialPalaceinBeijing,wanderoverthebustlingBundandNanjingRoadinShanghai,boatalongtheQinghuaiRiverinNanjing,viewtheterracottawarriorsandhorsesexcavatedfromtheEmperorQinshihuang'sMausoleuminXi’an,enjoySuzhou'sgardensandtheWestLakeinHangzhou.FromeverywhereinChinacanvisitorsbeintoxicatedwiththebeautifulsceneries.

TourismbringsChinaagreatdealofprofits.First,itprovidesmoreopportunitiesforChinesepeopletoknowtheinternationalworldandpromotefriendshipandunderstanding.Second,itbringsfinanciallybenefitsandincreasetheincomeofgovernment.Meanwhile,itcreatestheneedtocommunicatewithdifferentwithdifferenttongues.Undersuchcircumstancesthatguide-interpretationhasgrowupandbeenauthorizedasaprofession⑴.

Guide-interpretation,theprocessofinterculturalcommunications,happenswhileguidesintroducehistoricalinterestsandscenicbeautiestooverseasvisitors.TheguidesneedtopresentthecolorfulandattractiveimageofinterestsofChinaintheprocessofguide-interpretation.Butfordifferentculturalbackgroundsandcustoms,itisverydifficultfortheguidetotranslatehisinterpretationintoEnglishliterallyowingtothenegativeeffectexertedbydifferentlinguisticobstacles.Withoutveraciousandaccurateguideinterpretation,overseasvisitorsmaymissessenceofculturewhentheyaretravelingaroundChinaletaloneenjoytheirjourneys.

So,itreallyhasbeenaseriousproblemthatwemustconfront,anditisalsoaproblemofurgencyhowtointroduceouruniqueChinesesightseeingsceneriesmoreproperlyandexactlyandpromotetheinter-culturecommunication.

Asaresult,asystematicandeffectiveguidetheoryistheimperiousdemandofguideinterpretation.Aswehavealwaysregarded“combingpracticewiththeory”,thetheorymustprovideappropriatestrategiesforsuccessfulguide-interpreting.SoI’dliketowritesuchadissertationtoarguesomethingaboutguide-guidingformtheaspectofGermanfunctionalisttranslationtheory,whichcanhelpustohandleinterpretingmethodologically.

Thisthesiswillnarrowdownitsscopemerelyonguide-interpretingonC-E,andmostsamplesaregatheredfromauthoritativebilingualbooks,websites,newspapers,whichwillbelistedatthelastpageofmypart.

ⅡFunctionalistTranslationTheory

Functionalisttranslationtheory,arelativelysystematicandconsummatetheory,isthecrystallizationofwisdomofscholarsinlongperiodofhumanhistory.I’dliketopresentamoreconcentrateanddetailedelucidationitsfeaturesasfollows⑶27:

2.1DevelopmentofGermanFunctionalistTranslationTheory

In1971,inthebookPossibilitiesandLimitsofTranslationCriticism,ReissputforwardamodeloftranslationcriticismwhichbasedonthefunctionalrelationshipbetweensourceandtargettextsinhebookPossibilitiesandLimitsofTranslationCriticism.Shestillheldtotheequivalenceprinciple,thereforehertheorywasbasedonthefunctionalequivalencebetweensourceandtargettexts.

Vermeer,thestudentofReiss,definedtranslationasapurposefulhumanactivitythattakesplaceinagivensituationbasedonactiontheory.HeputforwardSkopostheoriewhichservesasthefoundationofthefunctionalisttranslationtheory.SkoposisaGreekwordfor“purpose”,andSkopostheoriemeansthetheoryofpurposefulaction.Skopostheorietheoryincludesthreeprincipalrules:

namely,theSkoposrule,thecoherencerule（intratextualcoherence）andthefidelityrule（intertextualcoherence）.

OnthebasisofSkopostheorie,JustaHolzMnttriputforwardthenotionof“messagetransmitter”whichiscomposedoftextualmaterialscombinedwithothermediasuchassounds,picturesandbodymovements.Placingspecialemphasisontheactionalaspectsofthetranslationprocess,sheanalyzedtherolesoftheparticipants（initiator,translator,user,messagereceiver）andthesituationalconditions（time,place,motive）inwhichtheiractivitiestakeplace.

Nordthenputforwardhistwoprinciplesabout“skopos”and“loyalty”,whichconstitutethetwobasicprinciplesofSkopostheory.

2.2SkoposTheory

skopostheory,servingasthecentraltheoryofGermanyfunctionalism,isanapproachtotranslationwhichdevelopedinGermanybyVermeerinthelate1970s,andthewordskopos,derivedfromGreek,isusedasthetechnicaltermforthepurposeofatranslation.

Skopostheoryplaysanimportantroleintranslationofnon-literarytexttypes.Inthetranslationofscientificandacademicpapers,instruction,contracts,touristguides,etc.,thecontextualelementssurroundingthetranslationcannotbeneglected.Theseelementsincludethecultureoftheintendedreadersofthetargettextandthecultureoftheclientwhohasauthorizedit,andparticularlythefunctionthatthetextistorepresentinthatcultureforthosereaders.

Skopostheoryemphasizetheinteractional,pragmaticaspectsoftranslation,advancingthattheshapeofthetargettextshouldbedeterminedbythefunctionchieflyor"skopos"thatitisintendedtofulfillinthetargetcontext.Vermeerassumesthatasageneralrule,Skopostheoryintendedpurposeoftheofthetargettextthatdeterminesmethodsandstrategiesoftranslation.Fromthishypothesisheconcludeskoposrule:

Human（anditssubdivision:

translation）isdeterminedbyitspurpose（skopos）,andthereforeitisafunctionofitspurpose.Themainpointofthisfunctionalmethodisthattheprospectivefunctionorskoposofthetargettextasdeterminedbytheinitiator’s,i.e.Client’sneeds.Consequently,theskoposislargelyrestrictedbythetargettextreaderandhis/herplaceandculturalbackground.

IntheviewofVermeer,thesourcetextisre-conceptualizedandisalsoseenasaninformationoffer,whichthetranslatormustinterpretthroughselectingthosefeaturesthatmostcloselycaterfortherequirementsofthetargetsituation.

2.3TextTypology

GroundedonBuhler'sclassificationoflanguagefunctions（i.e.presentation,expressionandappeal）andReiss'searlytexttypologytheory,PeterNewmarkmakesafurtherresearchandclassifiesallthetextsintothreetextualfunctions:

informative,expressiveandvocativefunctions[3]40.

（1）TheInformativeFunction

Theinformativefunctiontextsmainlyrefertonon-literaryworksincludingscientificpapers,newspaperreports,textbooks,academictheses,andjournalarticles.Thefirstpurposeoftranslatingthesetextsistofullyrenderthe"extra-linguistic"informationofthetext.Ifthetargettextconveysallthenecessaryinformationofthesourcetextcorrectlyandmasterly,itcangetcorrespondingeffect.Consequently,sometimesitisnecessaryforustohaveseveraldifferenttranslatedversionstoexpressthesamesourcetext,andalltheseversionsareworthwhiletoaccept.

（2）TheExpressiveFunction

Theexpressivefunctiontextsgenerallyincludesauthoritativestatements,literaryworks,autobiography,personalcorrespondence,etc.Newmarkarguesthataidealtranslationofexpressivefunctiontextisaresurgenceoftheauthor'swritingstyle.Thisfunctionisauthor-oriented,andthetranslatorshouldstickbytheoriginalauthor.”Theauthorusestheverbalismtoexpresshisfeelingsunawareofanyresponse.

（3）TheVocativeFunction

Thevocativefunctiontextsaredifferentfromthetwotextsabove.Thisfunctionconcentrateson"callingonpeopletodo,tothinkandtofeel".Itisreader-orientedandtheeffectofthetranslationmustbeevaluatedbyreaders'response.Propagandamaterials,notices,advertisements,instructionsandotherpersuasivewritingsallbelongstothiscategory.Inviewofthelinguisticandculturalbarriersbetweenlanguages,itisessentialforthetranslatortorecreatethepersuasivetranslationtoattractthetargetreaders,andtherecreationisoneofthemajorobjectivesoftouristmaterials.

2.4CommunicativeTranslation

Apartfromtheothercorrespondentclassificationoftextualfunctions,Newmarkputsforwardtwomodesoftranslation——semantictranslationandcommunicativetranslation.

Semantictranslationisusuallyappliedtotechnical,literaryandscientifictext,likewiseothercontextswherelanguageofthesourcetextisatleastassignificantasthetext.

Communicativetranslationistheoneinwhich"thetranslatorattemptstoproducethesameeffectontheTLreadersaswasproducedbytheoriginalontheSLreaders".Examplesoftext-typesforthismodeoftranslationwouldbeproperincludetextbooks,journalistwriting,publicnoticesandmostnon-literarygenres.Differentfromsemantictranslation,communicativetranslationisthereader-orientedtranslationstrategy,andadjustwelltoinformativefunctions."

ⅢGuideInterpretation

3.1DefinitionofGuideInterpretation

TheoccasionInterpretationcarriesoutonwhichpeoplewhodonotsharethesamelanguageandculturecommunication.Interpretingisusuallytakingplaceinsimultaneousmodes.Asforguideinterpreting,itoftentakesplacewhenforeignvisi