双语教学中的生物化学词汇.docx

双语教学中的生物化学词汇.docx

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双语教学中的生物化学词汇

双语生物化学词汇

GlossaryofBiochemistryBilingually

A

Absoluteconfiguration（绝对构型）Theconfigurationoffourdifferentsubstituentgroupsaroundanasymmetriccarbonatom,inrelationtou-andi.-glyceraldehyde.

Absorption（吸收）:

transportoftheproductsofdigestionfromtheintestinaltractintotheblood.

Acceptorcontrol（受体控制）:

TheregulationoftherateofrespirationbytheavailabilityofADPasphosphategroupacceptor.

Accessorypigments（辅助色素）:

Visiblelight-absorbingpigments（carotenoids,xanthophyll,andphycobilins藻胆素）inplantsandphotosyntheticbacteriathatcomplementchlorophyllsintrappingenergyfromsunlight.

Acidosis（酸中毒）:

Ametabolicconditioninwhichthecapacityofthebodytobufferisdiminished;usuallyaccompaniedbydecreasedbloodpH.

Actin（肌动蛋白）:

Aproteinmakingupthethinfilaments（细丝）ofmuscle;alsoanimportantcomponentofthecytoskeletonofmanyeukaryoticcells.

Activationenergy（ΔG*）（活化能）:

Theamountofenergy（injoules）requiredtoconvertallthemoleculesin1moleofareactingsubstancefromthegroundstatetothetransitionstate.

Activator:

（活化物、激活剂）

（1）ADNA-bindingproteinthatpositivelyregulatestheexpressionofoneormoregenes;thatis,transcriptionratesincreasewhenanactivatorisboundtotheDNA.

（2）Apositivemodulatorofanallostericenzyme.

Activesite:

（活性部位）Theregionofanenzymesurfacethatbindsthesubstratemoleculeandcatalyticallytransformsit;alsoknownasthecatalyticsite.

Activetransport:

（主动运输）Energy-requiringtransportofasoluteacrossamembraneinthedirectionofincreasingconcentration.

Activity:

（活度）Thetruethermodynamicactivityorpotentialofasubstance,asdistinctfromitsmolarconcentration.

Activitycoefficient:

（活度系数）Thefactorbywhichthenumericalvalueoftheconcentrationofasolutemustbemultipliedtogiveitstruethermodynamicactivity.

Adenosine3',5'-cyclicmonophosphate:

SeecyclicAMP.

Adenosinediphosphate:

SeeADP.

Adenosinetriphosphate:

SeeATP.

Adipocyte:

（脂肪细胞）Ananimalcellspecializedforthestorageoffats（triacylglycerols）.

Adiposetissue:

（脂肪组织）Connectivetissuespecializedforthestorageoflargeamountsoftriacylglycerols.

ADP（adenosinediphosphate）:

Aribonucleosidediphosphateservingasphosphategroupacceptorinthecellenergycycle.

Aerobe:

（需氧生物）Anorganismthatlivesinairandusesoxygenastheterminalelectronacceptorinrespiration.

Aerobic:

Requiringoroccurringinthepresenceofoxygen.

Alcoholfermentation:

（乙醇发酵）Theanaerobicconversionofglucosetoethanolviaglycolysis.Seealsofermentation.

Aldose:

（醛糖）Asimplesugarinwhichthecarbonylcarbonatomisanaldehyde;thatis,thecarbonylcarbonisatoneendofthecarbonchain.

Alkalosis:

（碱中毒）Ametabolicconditioninwhichthecapacityofthebodytobufferisdiminished;usuallyaccompaniedbyanincreaseinbloodpH.

Allostericenzyme:

（变/别构效应）Aregulatoryenzyme,withcatalyticactivitymodulatedbythenoncovalentbindingofaspecificmetaboliteatasiteotherthantheactivesite.

Allostericprotein:

（变/别构蛋白）Aprotein（generallywithmultiplesubunits）withmultipleligand-bindingsites,suchthatligandbindingatonesiteaffectsligandbindingatanother.

Allostericsite:

（变/别构部位）Thespecificsiteonthesurfaceofanallostericenzymemoleculetowhichthemodulatororeffectormoleculeisbound.

αhelix:

（α-螺旋）Ahelicalconformationofapolypeptidechain,usuallyright-handed,withmaximalintrachainhydrogenbonding;oneofthemostcommonsecondarystructuresinproteins.

Amestest:

Asimplebacterialtestforcarcinogens,basedontheassumptionthatcarcinogensaremutagens.

Aminoacidactivation:

（氨基酸活化）ATP-dependentenzymaticesterificationofthecarboxylgroupofanaminoacidtothe3'-hydroxylgroupofitscorrespondingtRNA.

Aminoacids:

（氨基酸）anAmino-substitutedcarboxylicacids,thebuildingblocksofproteins.

Amino-terminalresidue:

（氨基末端残基）Theonlyaminoacidresidueinapolypeptidechainwithafreea-aminogroup;definestheaminoterminusofthepolypeptide.

Aminoacyl-tRNA:

（氨酰tRNA）AnaminoacylesterofatRNA.

Aminoacyl-tRNAsynthetases:

（氨酰tRNA合成酶）Enzymesthatcatalyzesynthesisofanaminoacyl-tRNAattheexpenseofATPenergy.

Aminotransferases:

（氨基转移酶）Enzymesthatcatalyzethetransferofaminogroupsfromα-aminotoα-ketoacids;alsocalledtransaminases.

Ammonotelic:

（排氨的）Excretingexcessnitrogenintheformofammonia.

Amphibolicpathway:

（双向代谢途径）Ametabolicpathwayusedinbothcatabolismandanabolism.

Amphipathic:

（双亲的）Containingbothpolarandnonpolardomains.

Ampholyte:

（两性电解质）Asubstancethatcanactaseitherabaseoranacid.

Amphoteric:

（两性的）Capableofdonatingandacceptingprotons,thusabletoserveasanacidorabase.

Anabolisim:

（合成代谢）Thephaseofintermediarymetabolismconcernedwiththeenergy-requiringbiosynthesisofcellcomponentsfromsmallerprecursors.

Anaerobe:

（厌氧生物）Anorganismthatliveswithoutoxygen.Obligateanaerobes（专性厌氧生物）diewhenexposedtooxygen.

Anaerobic:

（厌氧的）Occurringintheabsenceofairoroxygen.

Anapleroticreaction:

（回补反应）Anenzyme-catalyzedreactionthatcanreplenishthesupplyofintermediatesinthecitricacidcycle.

Angstrom（Ǻ）:

（唉）Aunitoflength（10-8cm）usedtoindicatemoleculardimensions.

Anhydride:

（酸酐）Theproduct,ofthecondensationoftwocarboxylorphosphategroupsinwhichtheelementsofwaterareeliminatedtoformacompoundwiththegeneralstructureR—X—0—X—R,whereXiseithercarbonorphosphorus.

Anion-exchangeresin:

（阴离子交换树脂）Apolymericresinwithfixedcationicgroups;usedinthechromatographicseparationofanions.

Anomers:

（异头物、端基异构体）Twostereoisomersofagivensugarthatdifferonlyintheconfigurationaboutthecarbonyl（anomeric）carbonatom.

Antibiotic:

（抗生素）Oneofmanydifferentorganiccompoundsthatareformedandsecretedbyvariousspeciesofmicroorganismsandplants,aretoxictootherspecies,andpresumablyhaveadefensivefunction.

Antibody:

（抗体）Adefenseproteinsynthesizedbytheimmunesystemofvertebrates.Seealsoimmunoglobulin.

Anticodon:

（反密码子）AspecificsequenceofthreenucleotidesinatRNA,complementarytoacodonforanaminoacidinanmRNA.

Antigen:

（抗原）Amoleculecapableofelicitingthesynthesisofaspecificantibodyinvertebrates.

Antiparallel:

（反平行）Describingtwolinearpolymersthatareoppositeinpolarityororientation.

Antiport:

（反向转运）Cotransportoftwosolutesacrossamembraneinoppositedirections.

Apoenzyme:

（酶蛋白）Theproteinportionofanenzyme,exclusiveofanyorganicorinorganiccofactorsorprostheticgroupsthatmightberequiredforcatalyticactivity.

Apolipoprotein:

（脱辅基脂蛋白）Theproteincomponentofalipoprotein.

Apoprotein:

（脱辅基蛋白）Theproteinportionofaprotein,exclusiveofanyorganicorinorganiccofactorsorprostheticgroupsthatmightberequiredforactivity.

Apoptosis:

（细胞凋亡）（app'-a-toe'-sis）Programmedcelldeath,inwhichacellbringsaboutitsowndeathandlysis,signaledfromoutsideorprogrammedinitsgenes,bysystematicallydegradingitsownmacromolecules.

Arrestin:

（抑制蛋白）Afamilyofproteinsthatbindtothephosphorylatedcarboxyl-terminalregionofserpentinereceptors,preventingtheirinteractionswithGproteinsandtherebyterminatingthesignalthroughthosereceptors.

Asymmetriccarbonatom:

（不对称碳原子）Acarbonatomthatiscovalentlybondedtofourdifferentgroupsandthusmayexistintwodifferenttetrahedralconfigurations.

ATP（adenosinetriphosphate）:

Aribonucleoside5'-triphosphatefunctioningasaphosphategroupdonorinthecellenergycycle;carrieschemicalenergybetweenmetabolicpathwaysbyservingasasharedintermediatecouplingendergonicandexergonicreactions.

ATPsynthase:

（ATP合酶）AnenzymecomplexthatformsATPfromADPandphosphateduringoxidativephosphorylationintheinnermitochondrialmembraneorthebacterialplasmamembrane,andduringphotophosphorylationinchloroplasts.

ATPase:

（ATP酶）AnenzymethathydrolyzesATPtoyieldADPandphosphate;usuallycoupledtosomeprocessrequiringenergy.

Attenuator:

（弱化子）AnRNAsequenceinvolvedinregulatingtheexpressionofcertaingenes;functionsasatranscriptionterminator.

Autotroph:

（自养生物）Anorganismthatcansynthesizeitsowncomplexmoleculesfromverysimplecarbonandnitrogensources,suchascarbondioxideandammonia.

Auxin:

（植物生长素）Aplantgrowthhormone.

Auxotrophicmutant（auxotroph）:

（营养缺陷突变体）Amutantorganismdefectiveinthesynthesisofagivenbiomolecule,whichmustthereforebesuppliedfortheorganism'sgrowth.

Avogadro'snumber:

Thenumberofmoleculesinagrammolecularweight（amole）ofanycompound（6.02×1023）.

B

Back-mutation:

（回复突变）Amutationthatcausesamutantgenetoregainitswild-typebasesequence.

Bacteriophage（phage）:

（噬菌体）Aviruscapableofreplicatinginabacterialcell.

Basalmetabolicrate:

（基础代谢率）Therateofoxygenconsumptionbyananimal'sbodyatcompleterest,longafterameal.

Basepair:

（碱基对）Twonucleotidesinnucleicacidchainsthatarepairedbyhydrogenbondingoftheirbases;forexample,AwithTorU,andGwithC.

βconformation:

（β构象）、Anextended,zigzagarrangementofapolypeptidechain;acommonsecondarystructureinproteins.

βoxidation:

（β氧化）Oxidativedegradationoffattyacidsintoacetyl-CoAbysuccessiveoxidationsattheβ-carbonatom.

β-turn:

（β转角）Atypeofsecondarystructureinpolypeptidesconsistingoffouraminoacidresiduesarrangedinatightturnsothatthepolypeptideturnsbackonitself.

Bilayer:

（双分子层）Adoublelayeroforientedamphipathiclipidmolecules,formingthebasicstructureofbiologicalmembranes.Thehydrocarbontailsfaceinwardtoformacontinuousnonpolarphase.

Bilesalts:

（胆酸盐）Amphipathicsteroidderivativeswithdetergentproperties,participatingindigestionandabsorptionoflipids.

Binding