工科学生学习知识产权法的必要性.docx
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工科学生学习知识产权法的必要性
PartI Writing (30minutes)
Thedigitalage
1.如今,数字化产品越来越多,如…
2.使用数字化产品对于人们学习工作和生活的影响。
PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
SevenwaytoSavetheWorld
Forgettheoldideathatconservingenergyisaformofself-denial—ridingbicycles,dimmingthelights,andtakingfewershowers.Thesedaysconservationisallaboutefficiency:
gettingthesame—orbetter—resultsfromjustafractionoftheenergy.WhenaslumpinbusinesstravelforcedUlrichRamertocutcostsathisfamily—ownedhotelinGermany,hereplacedhundredsofthehotel’swastefullightbulbs,gettingthesamelightfor80percentlesspower.Heboughtanewwaterboilerwithadigitallycontrolledpump,andwrappedinsulationaroundthepipes.Spendingabout£100,000ontheseandotherimprovements,heslashedhis£90,000fuelandpowerbillby£60,000.Asabonus,thehotel’slowerenergyneedshavereduceditsannualcarbonemissionsbymorethan200metrictons.“Forus,savingenergyhasbeenvery,veryprofitable,”hesays.“Andmostimportantly,we’renotgivingupasinglecomfortforourguests.”
Efficiencyisalsoagreatwaytolowercarbonemissionsandhelpslowglobalwarming.Butthebestargumentforefficiencyisitscost—or,moreprecisely,itsprofitability.That’sbecausequicklygrowingenergydemandrequiresimmenseinvestmentinnewsupply,nottomentionthedrainofrisingenergyprices.
Nowonderefficiencyhasmovedtothetopofthepoliticalagenda.OnJan.10,theEuropeanUnionunveiledaplantocutenergyuseacrossthecontinentby20percentby2020.LastMarch,Chinaimposeda20percentincreaseinenergyefficiencyby2020.EvenGeorgeW.Bush,theTexasoilman,isexpectedtotalkaboutenergyconservationinhisStateoftheUnionspeechthisweek.
Thegoodnewsisthattheworldisfullofproven,cheapwaystosaveenergy.Herearetheseventhatcouldhavethebiggestimpact.
Insulate
Spaceheatingandcoolingeatsup36percentofalltheworld’senergy.There’svirtuallynolimittohowmuchofthatcanbesaved,asprototype“zero-energyhomes”inSwitzerlandandGermanyhaveshown.There’sbeenasurgeinnewwaysofkeepingheatinandcoldout(orviceversa).Themostadvancedinsulationfollowsthelawofincreasingreturns:
ifyouaddenoughyoucanscaledownoreveneliminateheatingandair-conditioningequipment,loweringcostsevenbeforeyoustartsavingonutilitybills.Studieshaveshownthatgreenworkplaces(onesthatdon’tconstantlyneedtohavetheheatorair-conditionerrunning)havehigherworkerproductivityandlowersickrates.
ChangeBulbs
Lightingeatsup20percentoftheworld’selectricity,ortheequivalentofroughly600,000tonsofcoaladay.Fortypercentofthatpowersold-fashionedincandescentlightbulbs—a19th-centurytechnologythatwastesmostofthepoweritconsumesonunwantedheat.
Compactfluorescentlamps,orCFLS,notonlyuse75to80percentlesselectricitythanincandescentbulbstogeneratethesameamountoflight,buttheyalsolast10timeslonger.Phasingoldbulbsoutby2030wouldsavetheoutputof650powerplantsandavoidthereleaseof700milliontonsofcarbonintotheatmosphereeachyear.
ComfortZone
Waterboilers,spaceheatersandairconditionershavebeennotoriouslyinefficient.Theheatpumphasalteredthatequation.Itremovesheatfromtheairoutsideorthegroundbelowandusesittosupplyheattoabuildingoritswatersupply.Inthesummer,thesystemcanbereversedtocoolbuildingsaswell.
MostnewresidentialbuildingsinSwedenarealreadyheatedwithground-sourceheatpumps.Suchsystemsconsumealmostnoconventionalfuelatall.Severalcountrieshaveusedsubsidiestojump-startthemarket,includingJapan,wherealmostImillionheatpumpshavebeeninstalledinthepasttwoyearstoheatwaterforshowersandhottubs.
RemakeFactories
Fromsteelmillstopaperfactories,industryeatsupaboutathirdoftheworld’senergy.Theopportunitiestosavearevast.InLudwigshafen,GermanchemicalsgiantBASFrunsaninterconnectedcomplexofmorethan200chemicalfactories,whereheatproducedbyonechemicalprocessisusedtopowerthenext.AttheLudwigshafensitesitealone,suchrecyclingofheatandenergysavesthecompany£200millionayearandalmosthalfitsCO2emissions.NowBASFisdoingthesamefornewplantsinChina.“Optimizing(优化)energyefficiencyisadecisivecompetitiveadvantage,”saysBASFCEOJurgenHambrecht.
GreenDriving
Aquarteroftheworld’senergy---includingtwothirdsoftheannualproductionofoil—isusedfortransportation.Somesavingscomefreeofcharge:
youcanboostfuelefficiencyby6percentsimplybykeepingyourcar’stiresproperlyinflated(充气).Gasoline-electrichybrid(混合型的)modelsliketheToyotaPriusimprovemileagebyafurther20percentoverconventionalmodels.
ABetterFridge
Morethanhalfofallresidentialpowergoesintorunninghouseholdappliances,producingafifthoftheworld’scarbonemissions.Andthat’strueeventhoughmanufacturershavealreadyhikedtheefficiencyofrefrigeratorsandotherwhitegoodsbyasmuchas70percentsincethe1980s.AccordingtoanInternationalEnergyAgencystudy,ifconsumerschosethosemodelsthatwouldsavethemthemostmoneyoverthelifeoftheappliance,they’dcutglobalresidentialpowerconsumption(andtheirutilitybills)by43percent.
FlexiblePayment
Whosaysyouhavetopayforallyourconservationinvestments?
“Energyservicecontractors”willpayforretrofitting(翻新改造)inreturnforashareoftheclient’sannualutility-billsavings.InBeijing.ShenwuThermalEnergyTechnologyCo.specializesinretrofittingChina’ssteelfurnaces.Shenwuputsuptheinitialinvestmenttoinstallaheatexchangerthatpreheatstheairgoingintothefurnace,slashingtheclient’sfuelcosts.Shenwupocketsacutofthosesavings,sobothShenwuandtheclientprofit.
Ifsavingenergyissoeasyandprofitable,whyisn’teveryonedoingit?
Ithasdowithpsychologyandalackofinformation.Mostofustendtolookattoday’spricetagmorethantomorrow’spotentialsaving.Thatholdsdoubleforthelandlordordeveloper,whowon’tactuallyseeapennyofthesavingshisinvestmentinbetterinsulationorabetterheatingsystemmightgenerate.Inmanypeople’sminds,conservationisstillassociatedwithself-denial.Manyenvironmentalistsstillpushthatview.
Smartgovernmentscanhelppushthemarketintherightdirection.TheEU’s1994lawonlabelingwassuchasuccessthatitextendedthesameideatoentirebuildingslastyear.Toboostthemarketvalueofefficiency,allnewbuildingsarerequiredtohavean“energypass”detailingpowerandheatingconsumption.CountrieslikeJapanandGermanyhavesuccessivelytightenedbuildingcodes,requiringanincreaseininsulationlevelsbutleavingituptobuilderstodecidehowtomeetthem.
Themostpowerfulincentives,ofcourse,willcomefromthemarketitself.Overthepastyear,sky-highfuelpriceshavefocusedmindsonefficiencylikeneverbefore.Ever-increasingpressuretocutcostshasfinallyforcedmorecompaniestodosomemathontheirenergyuse.
Willitbeenough?
Withglobaldemandandemissionsrisingsofast,wemaynothaveanychoicebuttotry.Efficienttechnologyisherenow,provenandcheap.Comparedwithallotheroptions,it’sthebiggest,easiestandmostprofitablebangforthebuck.
1.Whatissaidtobebestwaytoconserveenergynowadays?
A)Raisingefficiency. B)Cuttingunnecessarycosts..
C)Findingalternativeresources. D)Sacrificingsomepersonalcomforts.
2.WhatdoestheEuropeanUnionplantodo?
A)Diversifyenergysupply. B)Cutenergyconsumption.
C)Reducecarbonemissions. D)RaiseproductionRaiseproductionefficiency.
3.Ifyouaddenoughinsulationtoyourhouse,youmaybeableto_____________.
A)improveyourworkenvironment B)cutyourutilitybillsbyhalf
C)getridofair-conditioners D)enjoymuchbetterhealth
4.Howmuchofthepowerconsumedbyincandescentbulbsisconvertedintolight?
A)Asmallportion. B)Some40percent. C)Almosthalf. D)75to80percent.
5.Somecountrieshavetriedtojump-startthemarketofheatpumpsby__________.
A)upgradingtheequipment B)encouraginginvestments C)implementinghigh-tech D)providingsubsidies
6.GermanchemicalsgiantBASFsaves£200millionayearby___________.
A)recyclingheatandenergy B)settingupfactoriesinChina
C)usingthenewesttechnology D)reducingtheCO2emissionsofitsplants
7.Globalresidentialpowerconsumptioncanbecutby43percentif___________.
A)weincreasetheinsulationofwallsandwaterpipes
B)Wechoosesimplermodelsofelectricalappliances
C)Wecutdownontheuseofrefrigeratorsandotherwhitegoods
D)Wechoosethemostefficientmodelsofrefrigeratorsandotherwhitegoods
8.Energyservicecontractorsprofitbytakingapartofclients____________.
9.Manyenvironmentalistsmaintaintheviewthatconservationhasmuchtodowith_____.
10.Thestrongestincentivesforenergyconservationwillderivefrom__________.
PartIIIListeningComprehension (35minutes)
SectionA
11.A)Proceedinhisownway. B)Sticktotheoriginalplan.
C)Compromisewithhiscolleague. D)Trytochangehiscolleague’smind.
12.A)Maryhasakeeneyeforstyle. B)Nancyregretsbuyingthedress.
C)NancyandMarywentshoppingtogetherinRome. D)NancyandMaryliketofoll