口腔专业英语电子版.docx
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口腔专业英语电子版
Lesson1DentalAnatomy
Theclassificationoftheteeth
Humaninhiswholelifehastwoseriesofteethincluding20deciduousteethasthefirstseriesand32permanentteethasthesecondseries.Deciduousteethcanbeclassifiedtothreekinds:
deciduousincisor,deciduouscanineanddeciduousmolor.Permanentteethcanbeclassifiedtoincisor,canine,premolarandmolar.Theincisorsandcaninesarecalledanteriorteethbecausetheyareinthefrontofthecornerofthemouthandthepremolarsandmolarsarecalledposteriorteethbecausetheyarebehindthecornerofthemouth.
Thefunctionoftheteeth
Mastication.Afterthefoodiseateninthemouth,itundergoesaseriesofmechanicalprocessessuchascuttingbytheincisor,laniatingbythecanine,poundingtopiecesbypremolarandmillingbymolar.Meanwhilethefoodwillbemixedwithsalivaanddigestedpartiallybytheenzyme.
Pronunciationandspeech:
Teeth,lipsandtonguehavetightrelationshipwithpronunciationandspeech.Thecorrectnessofthepronunciationandtheclearanceofthespeechareseriouslyinfluencedbythepositionoftheteethandthepositionalrelationshipbetweentongue,lipsandteeth.Itisveryimportanttomaintainthefacialharmonyandbeauty.
Therecordoftheclinicteethposition
Recentlytherearefouroftenusedmethodstorecordtheteethpositionsuchaspositionrecordingmethod,palmerrecordingsystem,universalnumberingsystemandFederationDentaireInternationalsystem.
WithpositionrecordingmethodthedentalarchcanbedividedintoA,B,CandDquadrantsbytwoperpendicularlines.Theuprightlinerepresentsthecentrallineusedtoidentifytheleftandright.Thehorizontallinerepresentstheocclusalsurface.Themaxillaryteethareabovethelineandthemandibularteethareundertheline.ThedeciduousteethcanberepresentedbyRomannumberⅠ-ⅤandthepermanentteethArabiannumber1-8.
Thefollowingaretherecordingoftheclinicdeciduousteeth.
Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅰ
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ
Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅰ
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ
Forexample,Irepresentsthefirstdeciduousincisorintherightpartofthemaxillaryteeth.
Thefollowingaretherecordingoftheclinicpermanentteeth.
8765 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 678
8765 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 678
Forexample, 6representsthefirstmolarpermanentteethintheleftpartofthemandibularteeth.
Landmarksoftheteeth
Thecrownsoftheincisorsandcanineshavefoursurfacesandaridge.Thecrownsofthepremolarsandmolarshavefivesurfaces.Thosesurfacesoftheincisorsandcaninesfacingtowardthelipsarecalledlabialsurfaces,thosesurfacesofthepremolarsandmolarsfacingtowardthecheek,buccalsurfaces.Allsurfacesfacingtowardthetonguearecalledlingualsurfaces.Thesurfacesoftheteethwhichcomeincontactwiththoseintheoppositejawduringtheactofclosurearecalledocclusalsurfaces.
Thesurfacesoftheteethwhicharepresentedtowardorlieagainstadjoiningteethinthesamedentalarcharecalledproximalorproximatesurfaces.Thoseproximalsurfaceswhicharefacedtowardthemedianlinearecalledmesialsurfaces,andthosemostdistantfromthemedianlinearecalleddistalsurfaces.
Otherlandmarks
Acuspisanelevationormoundonthecrownportionofatoothmakingupadivisionalpartoftheocclusalsurface.
Atubercleisasmallerelevationonsomeportionofthecrownproducedbyanovercalcificationofenamel.
Acingulumisthelinguallobeofananteriortooth.
Aridgeisanylinearelevationonthesurfaceofatoothandisnamedaccordingtoitslocationorform:
buccalridge,incisalridge,marginalridge,etc.
Marginalridgearethoseroundedelevationsoftheenamelwhichformthemarginsoftheocclusalsurfacesofpremolarsandmolars,mesiallyanddistally,andthemesialanddistalmarginsoftheincisorsandcanineslingually.
Triangularridgesarethoseridgeswhichdescendfromthetipsofthecuspsofmolarsandpremolarstowardthecentralpartoftheocclusalsurfaces.Whenabuccalandalingualtriangularridgejoin,theyformatransverseridge,theunionoftwotriangularridgescrossingtransverselythesurfaceofaposteriortooth.
Theobliqueridgeisavariableridgecrossingobliquelytheocclusalsurfacesofuppermolars;itresultsfromthejunctionoftwotriangularridges.
Afossaisanirregular,roundeddepressionorconcavityfounduponthesurfaceofatooth.Lingularfossaearefounduponthelingualsurfaceofincisors.Centralfossaearefoundupontheoccluusalsurfaceofmolars,andareformedbytheconvergingofridgesterminatingatacentralpointinthebottomofthedepressionwherethereisajunctionofgrooves.Triangularfossaearefoundonmolarsandpremolarsontheocclusalsurfacesmesialordistaltomarginalridges.
Asulcusisanotablylongdepressionorvalleyinthesurfaceofatoothbetweenridgesandcusps,theinclinesofwhichmeetatanangle.
Adevelopmentalgrooveisashallowgrooveorlinedenotingevidenceofcoalescencebetweentheprimarypartsofthecrownorroot.
Fissuresarelinearfaultsintheenamelcoveringofcrowns.
NewWordsandExpressions
1.deciduous[]adj.每年落叶的,非永久性的
2.incisor[]n.门牙
3.canine[]n.[解剖]犬齿adj.犬的,似犬的,犬科的,犬齿的
4.molar[]adj.磨碎的,臼齿的n.臼齿,磨牙
5.premolar[]n.前臼齿
6.masticationn.咀嚼
7.laniate[`]v.撕裂,撕开
8.saliva[]n.口水,唾液
9.quadrant[]n.象限,四分仪
10.perpendicular[]adj.垂直的,正交的n.垂线
11.occlusal[]adj.[医](上下齿)咬合(面)的
12.occlusalsurface牙合面
13.maxillary[]adj.上颌骨的n.上颌骨
14.mandibular[]adj.下颌〔骨〕
15.ridgen.嵴,脊
16.labial[]adj.唇的,嘴唇的,[语音]唇音的n.唇音,风琴管labialsurface唇面
17.buccal[]adj.(面)颊的,口的,口腔的
18.lingual[]adj.舌的,舌状的;语言的lingualsurfaces舌面
19.proximal['pr](proximate['prksimeit])adj.最接近的
20.median['mdjn]adj.中央的,中线的n.中部,当中,[数学]中线,中值
21.mesial['mzjl]adj.中央的,中间的
22.distal['distl]adj.末梢的,远中的
23.elevation[eli'vein]隆突
24.mound[maund]耸起,小丘
25.divisional[di'vin]adj.分割的,分区的
26.tubercle['tjb(:
)kl]结节
27.overcalcification[ou'kein]过度钙化
28.cingulum['sigjulm]带,扣带;舌面隆突
29.mesially['mzjli]近中地
30.distally['distli]远中地
31.oblique['blk]斜的
32.fossa[fs](复fossae['fs])窝,凹
33.converge[kn'vd]v.聚合,会聚,集中于一点
34.groove[grv]沟
35.sulcus['slks]沟
36.coalescence[kou'lesns]n.合并,接合,联合
37.linear['lini]adj.线的,直线的,线性的
参考译文
牙的分类
人一生有两副牙齿,第一副为乳牙,第二副为恒牙。
乳牙共20个,恒牙共32个。
乳牙分为乳切牙、乳尖牙和乳磨牙三类;恒牙分为切牙、尖牙、前磨牙和磨牙四类。
切牙和尖牙位于口角之前,称之为前牙;前磨牙和磨牙位于口角之后,故称为后牙。
牙的功能
咀嚼:
食物进入口腔后,经过切牙的切割、尖牙的撕裂、前磨牙的捣碎和磨牙的磨细等一系列机械加工过程,同时与唾液混合,唾液中的酶对食物起部分消化作用。
发音和言语:
牙、唇和舌与发音和言语的关系密切。
牙的位置以及舌与唇、牙之间的位置关系,对发音的准确性与言语的清晰程度有着重要的影响。
保持面部的协调美观。
临床牙位记录
目前最常用的牙位记录方法有四:
部位记录法,palmer记录系统,通用编号系统及国际牙科联合会系统。
部位记录法以两条相互垂直的直线将牙弓分为A、B、C、D4个象限,竖线代表中线,区分左右;横线表示牙合面,横线以上为上颌牙,以下为下颌牙。
乳牙用罗马字Ⅰ-Ⅴ表示;恒牙用阿拉伯字1-8表示。
乳牙临床牙位记录如下:
Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅰ
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ
Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅰ
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ
例如I 表示右上第一乳切牙。
恒牙临床牙位记录如下:
8765 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 678
8765 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 678
例如6 表示左下第一恒磨牙。
牙冠表面解剖标志
切牙和尖牙的牙冠有四个面和一个切嵴,前磨牙和磨牙的牙冠有五个面。
切牙和尖牙向着唇部的面叫唇面,前磨牙和磨牙向着颊部的面叫颊面。
所有向着舌部的各个面都叫做舌面。
上下颌牙齿的接触面叫牙合面。
在同一牙弓中,牙齿面向或紧靠邻牙的面叫邻面。
靠近中线的邻接面叫近中面,远离中线的叫远中面。
其他标志:
牙尖:
是牙冠高起的部分,它构成牙合面的一部分。
结节:
是牙冠一些部分的较小突起,由于釉质的过度钙化所形成。
舌面隆突:
是前牙的舌叶。
嵴:
是牙面上任何一种长条形的突起部分,按照它的位置和形状来命名:
颊嵴、切嵴、边缘嵴等等。
边缘嵴:
是釉质的圆形隆起,它形成前磨牙和磨牙牙合面的近远中边缘,切牙和尖牙舌面的近远中边缘。
三角嵴:
起于磨牙和前磨牙牙尖顶部,向牙合面的中央部分延伸。
当颊尖三角嵴和舌尖三角嵴相连,就形成一个横嵴;二个三角嵴的连接部分横贯于后牙的表面。
斜嵴:
是斜向横贯上颌磨牙牙合面的变异性嵴;它由二个三角嵴连接而成。
窝:
牙面上呈不规则圆形的凹下部分叫窝。
切牙在舌面有舌窝。
磨牙在牙合面有中央窝,这是由嵴的末端在凹下部分底部中央聚集而成,并有沟连接。
磨牙和前磨牙牙合面边缘嵴的近中侧或远中侧可有三角窝。
沟:
是牙面上嵴与牙尖间的长条形凹陷或谷,斜面集合成角。
发育沟:
是一线性沟或线,显示牙冠和牙根发育期连接的痕迹。
裂隙:
是牙冠面上釉质呈细条状的断裂层。
Supplementarymaterial
UsefulQuestionstoPatients
Isitgettingworseatnightorbyday?
Howlonghaveyouhadthepain?
Haveyouhadanypaininthetempleortheear?
Wheredoyoufeelthepainmost?
Doyoufeelthepainwhenyoutouchyourtoothwithyourtongue?
Doyougetmorepainwithcoldorwarmwater?
Doyoubleedalotafterextraction?
IsthepainmoreseverewhenIpresshereorhere?
Howlongdoesthepainlast?
Doyourgumsbleedwhenyoubrushyourteeth?
Haveyouafeelingofweightinyourtooth?
Haveyoubeeninhospitalforanything?
Areyoutakinganymedicine?
Haveyoueverhadrheumaticfever,kidneydisease,chestorlungdiseases?
Haveyouanyallergies--particularlypenicillinallergy?
TermsUsedinDentistry
Toapplyaclamp.
Toarrestbleeding.
Tobrushteeth.
Tocapatooth.
Tocauterize.
Todrill.
Toextractatooth(pullout,remove).
Tofile.
Tofill.
Tokillanerve.
Toplugatooth.
Topolish.
Toputagaginthemouth.
Toremovethesalivabyapump.
Torinsethecavity.
Toscale.
Animpactedtooth.
Toscrape.
Prematureteeth.
Dentures/artificialteetharenotmyownteeth.
Totakeanimpression.
Totakethebite.
Togrindofftheartificialtoothuntilthereisaperfectfit.
Youmusthaveafull/top/bottomset.
Lesson2OralandMaxillofacialHistology
Themucousmembranesurroundingthenecksoftheteethisthegingivaorgum.Thegingivaisfirmlyattachedtothetoothinacuff-shapedmanner,butthearrangementofthetissuesissuchthatashallowsulcusformed.Thisgingivalsulcustendstocollectfoodanddebris,particularlyintheabsenceofadequateoralhygiene,andthisprovidesafavourablesituationforbacterialgrowth.Eveningingivaethatappearcompletelynormalclinically,atleastasparseinfiltrationofmacrophagesandlymphocytescanbenotedinthesubepithelialconnectivetissueinregionofthegingivalsulcus.Theepitheliumisnormallykeratinised,thoughofteninotherwisenormaltissueskeratinsationislacking,ortheremaybeparake