高一定语从句.docx
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高一定语从句
定语从句(Attributiveclauses)
在句中修饰名词或代词的从句,因其修饰作用相当于形容词,故称形容词性从句,即通常所说的定语从句。
被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
引导定语从句的有:
1)关系代词:
先行词为人:
who,whom,that,whose
先行词为物:
which,that,whose
2)关系副词:
when,where,why
注意:
关系词起三个作用:
①连接先行词和定于从句②替代先行词③在从句中担任成分what不能引导定语从句。
定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后,但有时也被一个短语隔开。
例如:
Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited.
I.关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
定语从句的构成:
先行词+关系词+从句
人物
主格Who/thatWhich/that
宾格Whom/that/whoWhich/that
定语whoseWhose:
…ofwhich
1)who,whom,that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾语。
关系代词充当宾语可以省略。
例如:
Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?
他就是你想见的人吗?
(who/that在从句中作主语)
Heistheman(whom/that)Isawyesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。
(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2)whose用来指人或物,在定语从句中作定语,。
例如:
Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisred.(指物)
ThelawyerwhosenameisWangJinlivesinNanjing.(指人)
3)which,that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可做主语、宾语等。
例如:
Greatchangeswhich/thathaveneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.
(which/that在句中作主语)
Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.你拿的包快散了。
(which/that在句中作宾语)
II.关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词when,where,why在从句中充当状语,分别可表时间、地点或原因。
IwillneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.
ThisisthehousewhereLuXunoncelived.
Iknowthereasonwhyhecamelate.
注:
先行词是theway时,其后的定语从句关系词有三种,例如:
Ilikethewayinwhich/(that)theteachergiveshislessons.
从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。
也就是说要看先行词在定语从句中担任什么成分
试比较:
Iwillneverforgettheday(which/that)IspentinHongkong.
(spent是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略)
Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichHongkongreturnedtoitsmotherland.
(从句主谓宾结构完整,缺状语,因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词)
Thereason(that/which)hegavefornotcomingtoschoolyesterdayisunbelievable.
(gave是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略)
Thereasonwhyhedidn’tcometoschoolyesterdayisunbelievable.
(从句主谓宾结构完整,缺状语,因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词)
Ⅲ.关系代词引导的限制性与非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句对先行词起限定作用,去掉后主句意义就变得不明确,它与主句之间没有逗号分隔。
例如:
ThewatchthatIboughtyesterdayworkswell.
非限制性定语从句与主句之间的关系相对松散一些,它对先行词起补充说明作用,去掉后不影响主句意义。
因此,一些具有区别意义的专有名词及一些表示“唯一”概念的人或物后面常用此类从句。
这类从句与主句之间有逗号隔开。
例如:
Myfather,whoisadoctor,oftenencouragesmetoworkhard.
Ⅳ.介词+关系代词的用法
关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,不能用that,也不能省略,常用which或whom。
介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定,该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前,也可放在从句之尾。
例如:
Theman(who/whom/that)ItalkedaboutatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.
=ThemanaboutwhomItalkedatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.
但遇到固定词组时,介词一般紧跟词组主体,不作前置。
如:
Isthisthebook(which/that)youarelookingfor?
(这里介词for一般不提前,因为lookfor是固定词组,意为“寻找”,介词for若被提前,单个的look意为“看”,句意不符。
)
巩固练习
I.单项选择
1.You’dbetternotdrinkwater_____hasnotbeenboiled.
A.whichB.whomC.whoseD.who
2.Thedirectorandhismovie___youhavejusttalkedisreallypopular.
A.thatB.whichC.aboutwhichD.ofwhom
3.Hisdog,______wasnowveryold,becameillanddied.
A.whoB.thatC.whoseD.which
4.Thisisthehouse_______Iwasbornonarainyevening.
A.whichB.thatC.inwhichD.atwhich
5.Sheismyformerclassmate_______handwritingisverygood.
A.whomB.whoseC.ofwhomD.which
6.Isthegirlyourfriend_______youshookhandsjustnow?
A.whichB.thatC.towhomD.withwhom
7.InfacttheSwedendidnotunderstandthethreequestions____wereaskedinFrench.
A.whereB.whoC.inwhichD.which
8.Didn'tyouseetheman________Inoddedtojustnow?
A.whichB.whomC.whoseD.towhich
9.Ican'tfindthegoldring_______Ispent100dollars.
A.thatB.onwhichC.whichD.inwhich
10.Theradioset____Iboughtlastweekhasgonewrong.
A./B.forwhichC.overwhichD.what
Answers:
ⅠACDCB,DDBBA
定语从句(Attributiveclauses)Part2
I.关系代词that与which;that与who的一些特殊用法:
指物时,关系代词that和which一般情况下可换用,但以下几种情况下一般用that,不用which:
1)先行词是all,everything,something,anything,nothing,none,few,little,much等不定代词;或是先行词被all,every,some,any,no,few,little等修饰时:
Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyouintown?
Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.
注:
当something确指某物或某事时,用that或which都可以,如:
Thereissomethingthat/whichkeepsworryingme.“有一件事一直令我不安。
”
2)先行词被形容词最高级或有序数词thefirst,thesecond…,thelast修饰时:
Thisisthebestfilm(that)Ihaveeverseen.
Thefirstplace(that)we’llvisitistheGreatWall.
3)先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时:
Theonlythingthatmattersistofindourwayhome.
Thisistheverybook(that)I’vebeenlookingfor.
4)先行词既有人又有物时:
Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthings(that)theyrememberedintheschool.
5)当主句是由who或which引导的特殊问句时,为避免重复,定语从句中常用that:
Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythedoor?
Whichisthedictionary(that)youboughtyesterday?
只能用which的两种情况
1)非限制性定语从句,先行词为物
e.g.Yangtzeriver,whichisthethirdlongestriver,liesinChina.
2)整句话当先行词
Itrainedalot,whichmadeafloodhappened
只能用as,不能用which,that,who的两种情况
1)先行词被such,thesame修饰时
e.g.I’veneverheardofsuchaterribleearthquakeasyoutoldme.
YouareusingthesamepenasIlostyesterday.(像,两支)
YouareusingthesamepenthatIlostyesterday.(正是,同一支)
2)非限制性定语从句提前,关系词用as,“正如…所知道,所期望…的一样”
e.g.Asweknow,TaiwanbelongstoChina,
当先行词是anyone,those,these,he,she等代词表“人”时,一般用who而不用that:
Anyonewhowantsaticketpleasesignyournamehere.
ThosewhowanttogototheEnglishpartymustbeattheschoolgateby7:
30p.m.
Hewhodoesn’treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.
当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时,通常用that而不用who:
Heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe.
II.关系代词whose的特殊用法(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同ofwhich互换,ofwhich可置于其所修饰的名词前或后;若指人,可以同ofwhom互换)。
例如:
Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen.(指物)
=Pleasepassmethebookthecoverofwhich(ofwhichthecover)isgreen.
Thedoctor,whosenamewasJohnson,livedinasmalltowninthenorthofEngland.(指人)
=Thedoctor,thenameofwhomwasJohnson,livedinasmalltowninthenorthofEngland.
III.一种特殊的非限制性定语从句
在非限制性定语从句中,有时根据句子意思,常把some,any,none,all,both,several,many,most,neither,either等词、分数或百分比与ofwhom或ofwhich连用。
Hehasfivechildren,twoofwhomareabroad.
(比较:
Hehasfivechildren,andtwoofthemareabroad.)
Wehavetestedthreehundredtypesofboots,noneofwhichis/arecompletelywaterproof.
(比较:
Wehavetestedthreehundredtypesofboots,butnoneofthemis/arecompletelywaterproof.)
Ⅳ.定语从句中易犯的错误
1.在定语从句中加了多余的定语
e.g.SomeoftheboysIinvitedthemdidn’tcome.(them)
2.把定语从句谓语动词的单复数弄错
e.g.Anyonewhobreaktheruleswillbepunished.(breaks)
Thosewhohasfinishedmaygohome.(have)
HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowEnglishinourschool.(knows)
Thisisoneoftheroomsthatisfreenow.(are)
3.误省略了定语从句中做主语的关系代词
e.g.Children∧eatalotofsugaroftenhavebadteeth.(who/that)
4.定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词
a).Thehousewherehelivesinneedsrepairing.(wherehelives或thathelivesin)
b)IstillrememberthedayonwhenIfirstcametoBeijing.(thedaywhen或thedayonwhich)
5.在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用关系代词或关系副词
Istillrememberthedaywhenwespenttogether.(that/which)
Thisisthehousewherewelivedinlastyear.(that/which)
6.在先行词reason后错用关系副词why
Idon’tbelievethereasonwhyhehasgivenforhisbeinglate.(that/which)
7.主句不完整,首先要补充完整
Thisfactoryis∧thatIworkedin.(theone)
8.what引导的名词性从句做主语,宾语,表语
Thatcanbedonehasalreadybeendone.(what)
9.误将强调句型当定语从句
Iwasinthekitchenwherethefirebrokeout.(that)
Correctthemistakes
1.ThisisthelastlessonwhichMr.Smithtaughtme.
2.Ihavereadallthebookswhichyoulentme.
3.IsthereanythingelsewhichIcandoforyou?
4.Tomandhisdogwhichwerehereamomentagohavedisappeared.
5.Helivesintheroom,thewindowofthatfacesthesouth.
6.Doyoustillrememberthedaywhenwefirstspenttogether?
7.HeistheonlyoneoftheexpertswhoknowalittleChinese.
8.Whoisthemanwhoshookhandswithyoujustnow?
9.Isthismuseumthattheyvisitedyesterday?
10.Hisfatherdiedlastyear,whomadehimsad.
11.Allwhatyoushoulddonowistotakeagoodrest.
12.DoyouknowtheteacherwhomIthinkwillcometoteachusEnglish?
.
13.Thesunheatstheearth,whichmakeitpossibleforplantstogrow.
14.Ihadneverheardsuchaninterestingstorylikehetold.
15.Peoplewhohaseyescansometimesactjustasfoolishlyastheblindmen.
经典例析
典型例题分析
高考题
1.All____isneededisasupplyofoil.(’89)
A.thethingB.thatC.whatD.which
点拨:
本题考查引导定语从句的关系词,what只能用于名词性从句,因此A/D可以排除,又因先行词为不定代词all,所以答案为B。
2.Hepaidtheboys$10forwashingtenwindows,mostof____hadn’tbeencleanedforat
leastayear.(’90)
A.theseB.thoseC.thatD.which
点拨:
本题考查非限制性定语从句。
从句子结构上看,两句之间用的是逗号,无连词连接,故确定为从属句,介词后面的关系代词代物,只能用which,答案为D。
3.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson____shecouldturnforhelp.(’92)
A.thatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towhom
点拨:
本题考查定语从句中介词加关系代词的用法。
根据句意“向某人求助”是turnto
sb.forhelp,其中介词to可提前,故答案为D。
本句也可以如下表达:
Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson(who/whom/that)shecouldturntoforhelp.)
4.Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,____,ofcourse,madethe
othersunhappy.(2000)
A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what
点拨:
本题考查非限制性定语从句指代整个句子的用法,意为“老是自赞她在剧中表演
的角色,这件事当然令他人不快。
”指代前面所说的整句话,用which。
故答案为B。
从句中插入ofcourse增加了考测难度,解题时可先把它忽略。
易混题
(1)
5.①Johnistheonlyoneofthestudentswho____French.
②Johnisoneofthestudentswho____French.
A.knowB.knowsC.knowingD.known
点拨:
答案是①B②A。
在句①中的句意是“约翰是学生中唯一懂法语的那个学生”,其重心是theonlyone故从句谓语动词应与one一致。
在句②中的句意是“约翰是懂法语的学生中的一个”,也就是“懂法语的学生不止一个,约翰只是其中之一”,其重心是thestudents,故从句中谓语动词应与students一致。
6.①Thisistheknife____Iusuallycutmypencil.
②Thisistheknife____Iusuallyusetocutmypencil.
A.withwhichB.