生化英文名词解释.docx

生化英文名词解释.docx

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生化英文名词解释

生化英文名词解释

名词解释

Glossary

第一章蛋白质的结构与功能

Chapter1StructureandFunctionofProtein

peptidebond（肽键）:

acovalentbondlinkingtheα-aminogroupofoneaminoacidand

theα-carboxylgroupofanotherinaproteinmolecule.

peptide（肽）:

amoleculecontainingtwoormoreaminoacidslinkedbypeptidebond.

primarystructureofprotein（蛋白质的一级结构）:

theaminoacidsequenceofa

polypeptide.

secondarystructureofprotein（蛋白质的二级结构）:

thespatialarrangementoflocal

portionsofapolypeptidechain.

tertiarystructureofprotein（蛋白质的三级结构）:

thespatialarrangementofallthe

atomsofaproteinorasubunit.

quaternarystructureofprotein（蛋白质的四级结构）:

thespatialarrangementofaprotein

thatconsistsofmorethanonefoldedpolypeptidechainorsubunit.

subunit（亚基）:

anindividualpolypeptidechainthatassociateswithoneormoreseparate

chainstoformacompleteprotein.

motif（模序）:

asubstructureformedwithtwoormoresecondary-structurepeptidesegments

thataredrawnclosetoeachother.

domain（结构域）:

aregionwithinaprotein,particularlywithinalargepolypeptide,

thatfunctionsinasemi-independentmanner.

positivecooperativity（正协同效应）:

aneffectthatthebindingofoneligandtoaprotein

facilitatesthesubsequentligandbinding.

allostericeffect（变构效应）:

aneffectthatasmallmolecule,calledaneffector,

noncovalentlybindstoaproteinandaltersitsactivity.

isoelectricpoint（pI）ofprotein（蛋白质的等电点）:

thepHatwhichaproteinhasan

equalnumberofpositiveandnegativechargesandhencebearsnonetcharge.

denaturationofprotein（蛋白质变性）:

thedisruptionofthenativelyfoldedstructure

ofaproteincausedbyexposuretoheat,radiation,orchemicals,orchangeinpH,

thatleadstoanalterationofchemical,physicalandbiologicalpropertiesofthe

protein.

第二章核酸的结构与功能

Chapter2StructureandFunctionofNucleicAcid

denaturationofDNA（DNA的变性）:

thedisruptionofthenativeconformationofDNAbyseparationoftheDNAdoublehelixintoitstwocomponentstrands,duetoheat,chemicals,orchangeinpH,etc.

hyperchromiceffect（增色效应）:

theincreaseinultravioletabsorbanceofaDNAwhiletheDNAisdenatured.

meltingtemperature（Tm,融解温度）:

thetemperaturecorrespondingtohalfthemaximalincreaseinultravioletabsorbanceofathermallydenaturedDNA.

annealing（退火）:

theprocessofreturningathermallydenaturedDNAtoitsoriginalnativestructurewhenitiscooledgradually.

第三章酶

Chapter3Enzymes

simpleenzyme（单纯酶）:

anenzymethatconsistsofonlypolypeptidechain（s）.

conjugatedenzyme（结合酶）:

anenzymewithitspolypeptideportion（apoenzyme）linkedtooneormoresubstanceotherthanaminoacids,suchasmetalsorsmallorganicmolecules.

holoenzyme（全酶）:

acompleteenzymeconsistingoftheapoenzymeportionplusthecofactorcomponent.

essentialgroup（必需基团）:

achemicalgrouponthesidechainofaminoacidresidueofanenzymethatiscloselyrelatedtotheactivityoftheenzyme.

activecenter/activesite（活性中心）:

theregionofanenzymemoleculethatcontainsthesubstratebindingsiteandthecatalyticsiteforconvertingthesubstrate（s）intoproduct（s）.

activationenergy（活化能）:

thethresholdenergythatmustbeovercometoproduceachemicalreaction.

absolutespecificity（绝对特异性）:

theextremeselectivityofanenzymethatallowsittocatalyzeonlythereactionwithasinglesubstrateinthecaseofamonomolecularreaction,orthereactionwithasinglepairofsubstratesinthecaseofabimolecular

reaction.

relativespecificity（相对特异性）:

therelativeselectivityofanenzymethatallowsittocatalyzethereactionwithonetypeofreactantsoronetypeofchemicalbond.

stereospecificity（立体异构特异性）:

theselectivityofanenzymeforaparticularstereoisomer.

zymogen（酶原）:

theinactiveprecursorofanenzyme.

zymogenactivation（酶原激活）:

theprocessinwhichazymogenisconvertedtoanactiveenzymebylimitedproteolysisandsubsequentlytheactivecenteroftheenzymeisformedorexposed.

isoenzyme（同工酶）:

multipleformsofanenzymethatcatalyzethesamereactionbutdifferfromoneanotherinoneormoreoftheproperties,suchasstructural,physical,chemicalandevenimmunologicalproperties.

第四章糖代谢

Chapter4CarbohydrateMetabolism

glycolysis（糖酵解）:

theanaerobicdegradationofcarbohydratewherebyamoleculeofglucoseisconvertedtotwomoleculesoflacticacid.

substrate-levelphosphorylation（底物水平磷酸化）:

thesynthesisofATPfromADPbythe

phosphorylationofADPcoupledwithexergonicbreakdownofahigh-energyorganicsubstratemolecules.

Pastuereffect（巴斯德效应）:

thephenomenonthattheglycolyticpathwayisinhibitedunderaerobicconditions.

glycogen（糖原）:

ahighlybranchedpolymerofglucoseresiduesprimarilyin1,4linkagebutwith1,6linkageatbranchpoints.

gluconeogenesis（糖异生）:

thesynthesisofglucoseorglycogenfromnoncarbohydratemolecules,i.e.,lacticacid,glycerol,glucogenicaminoacids,etc.

第五章脂类代谢

Chapter5LipidMetabolism

essentialfattyacids（必需脂肪酸）:

thefattyacids,includinglinoleicacid,linolenicacid,andarachidonicacid,whichcannotbesynthesizedinthemammalianbodyandmustbeobtainedfromdiet.

mobilizationoffat（脂肪动员）:

aprocessoflipolysisinwhichthefatstoredinadiposetissuesisconvertedtofreefattyacidsandglycerol,whichareconsequentlyreleasedintobloodsothattheycanbeusedinothertissues.

β-oxidationoffattyacid（脂肪酸的β-氧化）:

aprocessinwhichafattyacidisdegradedthroughasequentialremovaloftwo-carbonfragmentsfromthecarboxylendandthereforeacetylCoAisformedasthebondbetweentheα-andβ-carbonatomsis

broken.

ketonebodies（酮体）:

agroupofmolecules,i.e.,acetone,acetoacetate,andβ

–hydroxybutyrate,thataresynthesizedintheliverfromacetylCoA.

第六章生物氧化

Chapter6BiologicalOxidation

respiratorychain（呼吸链）/electrontransferchain（电子传递链）:

aseriesofelectron

carriersresponsibleforthetransportofreducingequivalentfrommetabolitetomolecularoxygen,withthenetresultsofcapturingenergyforuseinATPsynthesis,andofthereductionofoxygentowater.

P/Oratio（P/O比值）:

thenumberofmoleculesofPiconsumedinATPformationforeachoxygenatomreducedtoHO.2

oxidativephosphorylation（氧化磷酸化）:

theprocessinwhichthephosphorylationofADPtoyieldATPiscoupledtotheelectrontransportthroughrespiratorychain.

uncoupler（解偶联剂）:

amolecule,suchasdinitrophenol,thatuncouplesATPsynthesisfromelectrontransport.

第七章氨基酸代谢

Chapter7AminoAcidMetabolism

essentialaminoacids（必需氨基酸）:

theaminoacids，includingvaline,leucine,

isoleucine,threonine,phenylalanine,tryptophanmethionineandlysine,thatcannotbesynthesizedbyanimalbodyandmustthereforebesuppliedbydiet.

transdeamination（联合脱氨基作用）:

thecoupledactionofanaminotransferaseandaglutamatedehydrogenaseinvolvedindeaminationofthemajorityofaminoacids.

transamination（转氨基作用）:

areactioncatalyzedbyanaminotransferase,inwhichanaminogroupistransferredfromanaminoacidtoaketoacid.

ketogenicaminoacids（生酮氨基酸）:

theaminoacidsthatcanbeconvertedtoketone

bodies,i.e.,leucineandlysine.

glucogenicandketogenicaminoacids（生糖兼生酮氨基酸）:

theaminoacids,i.e.,

isoleucine,phenylalanine,tyrosine,threonineandtryptophan,thatcanbeconvertedtoeitherketonebodiesorcarbohydrates.

onecarbonunits（一碳单位）/onecarbongroups（一碳基团）:

organicgroups,including

methyl（—CH）,methylene（—CH—）,methenyl（—CH,）,formyl（—CHO）andformimino（—32

CH,NH）groups,eachcontainingonlyonecarbonatomgeneratedthroughcatabolismsofsomeaminoacids.

第八章核苷酸代谢

Chapter8NucleotideMetabolism

thedenovopathwayofnucleotidesynthesis（核苷酸的从头合成途径）:

apathwaythrough

whichnucleotidesaresynthesizedbyusingsimplemolecules,suchasribose5-phosphate,aminoacids,onecarbonunitsandcarbondioxide.

thesalvagepathwayofnucleotidesynthesis（核苷酸的补救合成途径）:

apathwaythrough

whichnucleotidesaresynthesizedbyusingtheexistingnitrogenousbasesornucleosides.

第九章物质代谢的联系与调节

Chapter9IntegrationandRegulationofMetabolism

keyenzyme（关键酶）/pacemakerenzyme（限速酶）/regulatoryenzyme（调节酶）:

anenzyme

thatsetstheratefortheentirebiochemicalpathway,usuallycatalyzestheslowestandirreversiblestep,andcanberegulatedbyanumberofmetabolitesandeffectorsinadditiontoitssubstrates.

allostericregulation（变构调节）:

aregulatorymechanismthroughwhichaspecific

low-molecular-weightmolecule,calledaneffectororamodulator,noncovalentlybindstoaregulatorysiteoutsidetheactivecenterofaregulatoryenzymeandalterstheconformationandactivityoftheenzyme.

chemicalmodification（化学修饰调节）:

aregulatorymechanismthroughwhichenzyme

activitiesareregulatedbymeansofreversibleinterconversionbetweentheactiveandinactiveformsoftheenzymeresultedfromenzyme-catalyzedcovalentmodification

toaspecificaminoacidresidue.

第十章DNA的生物合成（复制）

Chapter10BiosynthesisofDNA（Replication）

replication（复制）:

aprocessinwhichanexactcopyofparentalDNAissynthesizedbyusingeachpolynucleotidestrandoftheparentalDNAastemplates.

semiconservativereplication（半保留复制）:

duplicationofDNAafterwhichthedaughterduplexcarriesoneparentalstrandandonenewlysynthesizedstrand.

DNApolymerase（DNA聚合酶）:

anyofvariousenzymes,withthefullnameofDNAdependentDNApolymerase,thatcatalyzestheformationofpolynucleotidesofDNAusinganexistingstrandofDNAasatemplate.

pointmutation（点突变）:

amutationthatcausesthereplacementofasinglebasepairwithanother,includingnonsensemutation,missensemutationandsilentmutation.

frameshiftmutation（框移突变）:

amutationofinsertionordeletionofageneticmaterialthatleadstoashiftinthetranslationofthereadingframe,res