高中英语Module 5 Great people and Great Invention of Ancient China Period One Introduction.docx
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高中英语Module5GreatpeopleandGreatInventionofAncientChinaPeriodOneIntroduction
Module5GreatpeopleandGreatInventionofAncientChina
话题导入
Alongwithsilkandpaper，gunpowderisanotherinventionbyChineseandtheSilkRoadhelpeditspreadtotheWest.Thedatingofgunpowderisasearlyas850AD.TheChineseusedgunpowdertomakefireworksandforsignalflares.Gunpowderwasalsothoughttohavebeenusedinmedicineandinalchemy（炼金术）．
ThisinventionseemstohavebeendiscoveredinChinabyaccident—byalchemistswhendoingexperiments.
Thegunpowderusedformilitarypurposewasfirstrecordedin919AD.Bythe11thcentury，explosivebombsfilledwithgunpowderwereintroducedandusedinChina.Thewords“firecannon”“rocket”and“fireball”appearedtimeandagainintheofficialSonghistoryaswellastwootherbookswrittenduringthesameperiod.
Thefirstdetaileddescriptionofusingthe“firecannon”inwarfarewasinconnectionwithabattlefoughtin1126whentheSongarmyuseditagainsttheinvadingenemy.Theso called“firecannon”wasatubemadeofbamboofilledwithgunpowderwhich，whenfired，threwaflamingmissiletowardstheenemy.Accordingtoadescriptionofabattlescenein1132，ittooktwopersonstocarrya“firecannon”，andthecannons
werefiredfromamovingplatform.Andthisplatformhadtobemovedclosetothewallofthebesieged（被围攻的）city.
TheChineseinventionofgunpowderreachedJapan，theIslamiccountriesandthenEuropeinthe13thcenturyandtheArabsimprovedgunpowderformilitaryuse.TheearlyaccountofgunpowderinEuropewasrecordedbyEnglishphilosopherRogerBaconinthe13thcentury.OnecenturylatertheArabsusedittoattacktheSpanishtownBazaandthenextyearin1326Florenceorderedthemanufacturingofcannonandcannonballs.FromItalythemakingofgunpowdersoonspreadtootherEuropeancountries，andbythe1350sithadbecomeaneffectiveweapononthebattlefield.
根据上文完成下列各题
1．What’sthebesttitleofthepassage?
Gunpowder
2．ListthecountriestheChineseinventionofgunpowderreached.
（1）Japan
（2）Islamic_countries
（3）European_countries
PeriodOne Introduction&ReadingandVocabulary
Ⅰ.单词
1．equaladj.平等的→equalityn．平等；相等
2．importancen．重要；重要性→importantadj.重要的
3．philosophern．哲学家→philosophyn．哲学
4．teachingn．（常作复数）教导；学说→teachvt.讲授；教授→teachern．教师
5．thinkern．思想家→thinkvt.想；思索；认为→thoughtn．思考；想法
6．kindnessn．仁慈；善良→kindn．种类
7．advisern．顾问→advisevt.劝告；建议→advicen．忠告；建议
8．influentialadj.有影响的→influencen．影响&vt.影响；感染
Ⅱ.短语
1．be_similar_to与……相似
2．be_at_war_with与……交战
3．bring_up养育，抚养；提出
4．follow_one’s_advice采纳某人的建议
5．become_famous_for因……而出名
6．in_some_ways在某些方面
7．as_a_result结果；因此
Ⅰ.课文理解
1．WhatisthemainideaofConfuciusaccordingtothetext?
A．Kindness，dutyandorderinsocietyareveryimportant.
B．Governmentismoreimportantthanitspeople.
C．Allmenarecreatedequal.
D．Allmenareborngood.
答案 A
2．WhatwasthepossiblerelationshipbetweenConfuciusandMencius?
A．Teacherandstudent.
B．MenciuswasthefollowerofConfucius’sideas.
C．Theyallworkedforthesamestate.
D．Nothingrelatedatall.
答案 B
3．InwhichwaywasMozi’sideathesameasthatofConfucius?
A．Menshouldbekind.
B．Menwerebornequal.
C．Governmentshouldbemoreemphasizedthanitspeople.
D．Peopleweremoreimportantthanthegovernment.
答案 C
4．InMencius’sopinion，whichwasthemostimportant，thegovernment，therulerorthepeople?
A．Thegovernment.B．Theruler.
C．Thepeople.D．Notmentioned.
答案 C
5．WhatisthesimilarityofthethreephilosophersinancientChinaaccordingtothetext?
A．Theywereallbornpoor.
B．Theyallwrotetheirownbooks.
C．Theyalltravelledfromstatetostate.
D．TheirphilosophiesallinfluencedChinaforalongtime.
答案 D
Ⅱ.课文缩写
ThereweremanygreatphilosophersinancientChina.
Confucius,1.whowasbornin551BCanddiedin479BC，wasthe2.greatest（great）philosopher.Hestressedtheimportanceofkindness，dutyandorderinsociety.3.HisideasaffectedChinesesocietyforover2,000years.
Mencius，bornin372BC，wasastudentofConfucius’sideas.So，histeachingsweresimilarto4.thoseofConfucius.Hebelievedmanwasborngoodand5.thatpeopleweremoreimportantthanrulers.Hewroteabookinhislastyears6.named（name）TheBookofMencius.
Mozi，whowasbornin476BCanddiedin390BC，wasalso7.aninfluentialphilosopher.Insomeways，hisideasweresimilartothoseofConfucius.8.Forexample，he9.thought（think）governmentwasthemostimportantthing.Mozibelievedallmenwere10.equal（equally）．DifferingfromConfucius，hestressedtheimportanceofkindness.MozifoundedMohism.
1．Allhumanbeingsareequal.众生平等。
[归纳拓展]
equaladj.相等的；平等的；v.等于；比得上；n.同等的人，相等物
beequaltosth./doingsth.胜任……，比得上……
beequalinsth.在……方面是同等的
equallyadv.相等地，相同地，同样地
equalityn．平等
[语境助记]
（1）Heisequaledbynooneinstrength.
谁也赶不上他力气大。
（2）Heis_equal_tothetask.
他胜任这项任务。
（3）Womenwantequalityofopportunitywithmen.
女人要求和男人机会均等。
[题组训练]
（1）IthinkIam_fit_forthejob.同义词语替换am_equal_to
（2）Thispositionisequally（equal）suitableforaschoolleaverorforsomebodywhohasofficeexperience.
2．Hestressedtheimportanceofkindness，dutyandorderinsociety.
他强调仁爱、责任和秩序在社会中的重要性。
[归纳拓展]
stressvt.强调；施压于；使紧张；n.强调；压力；重音
stresstheimportanceof...强调……的重要性
lay/place/putstressonsth.强调……
beundergreatstress压力很大
[语境助记]
（1）Theweightofsnowstressedtherooftothepointofcollapsing.
雪的重量压得屋顶快要塌了。
（2）Continuedstresscancauseillness.
持续的紧张会引起疾病。
[题组训练]
（1）TheEnglishteacherstressed_the_importance_of_reading（强调了阅读的重要性）．
（2）Happinessiswhatyoufeelwhenyou’renotfeelingstressed（stress）．
3．However，whenhesawthattherulerwasnotfollowinghisadvice，heresigned.
然而，当他看到统治者不采纳他的建议时，他便辞去了官职。
[归纳拓展]
resignv．辞职；放弃（权利）
resignone’sposition（assecretary）辞去（秘书）职务
resignoffice辞职
resignfromajob辞职
resignone’spost辞职
resignoneselftosth./doingsth.听任；顺从
[语境助记]
（1）Heresignedhispositionaschairman.
他辞去了主席的职位。
（2）Thepresidentwasforcedtoresign.
总统被迫辞职。
（3）Theteamrefusedtoresign_themselves_to_defeat/to_being_defeated.该队不甘失败。
[题组训练]
（1）Itwassurprisingthatsheresigned_her_position_as_a_secretary（辞去秘书职务）．
（2）Bobisnotworkinginourschoolyet.Heissaidto_have_resigned（resign）andto_be_teaching（teach）inaprivateschoolrecently.
1．AncientChinawasaplacewherestateswereoftenat_war_witheachother.
古代中国各诸侯国之间经常发生战争。
[归纳拓展]
beatwarwith与……交战
declarewaron...对……宣战
[语境助记]
（1）Libyangovernmenttroopsare_at_war_withoppositionforces.
利比亚政府军和反对派武装分子正处于交战状态。
（2）DuringtheSecondWorldWar，Germanywas_at_war_withalmostallthecountriesintheworld.
第二次世界大战期间，德国几乎同世界上所有的国家都处于交战状态。
（3）IwasinGermanywhenwarwas_declared.
宣战时我在德国。
[题组训练]
（1）Howlonghavetheybeen_at_war_with_each_other（相互交战）?
（2）Atthattime，ChinawasatwarwithJapan，sotravellingwasextremelydifficult.
思考 在beatwarwith...中，at是什么意思？
类似的短语还有哪些？
at＋名词表示“正在进行”或“从事”或“处于某种状态”，常见的类似短语有：
at_dinner/table在吃饭
at_work在工作
at_rest在休息
at_ease安心
at_sea出海
at_school在上学
at_play在游戏
at_lunch在吃午饭
at_peace处于和平状态
2．Hisfatherdiedwhenhewasyoung，andhewasbrought_upbyhismother.
他早年丧父，由其母亲抚养成人。
[归纳拓展]
bringup教育，抚养（孩子）；提出（议题等）；呕吐
bringout使显现；说明；出版
bringabout引起，导致
bringdown降低；减少
bringin吸引；引进；赚得
bring...toanend使结束，停止
[语境助记]
（1）Shebrought_upfivechildren.
她养育了5个孩子。
（2）Iwanttobring_upagainthefirstpoint.
我想重提一下第一点。
（3）Hebrought_upallheate.
他把吃的东西全都吐出来了。
[题组训练]
（1）用bring短语的适当形式填空
①Theexamplesbring_outthemeaningofthisword.
②Itriedtogetthemtobring_downthepriceoftheTVset，buttheyrefusedto.SoIdidn’tbuyit.
③TheystartedtouseEnglish，buttheyalsobrought_insomewordsfromtheirownlanguages.
④Whatbrought_aboutthechangeinhisattitude?
（2）Oncethepoisonisbroughtup，thereisnofurtherdanger.
3．Menciusbelievedthatthe_reason_why_man_is_different_from_animals_is_that_man_is_good.
孟子认为人之所以不同于动物是因为人是善良的。
[归纳拓展]
注意句子结构thereasonwhy...isthat...用来陈述理由，意思是“……的理由/原因是……”。
reason定语从句的引导词如果在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时要用which或that。
相关句型：
This/Thatisbecause...这/那是因为……，because在此句式中引导表语从句。
[语境助记]
（1）The_reason_whyhebrokedownisthatheworkedtoohardrecently.
他身体垮掉的原因是他近来工作太累了。
（2）The_reason_that/whichyou’vegivensoundsreasonable.
你给出的理由听起来合情合理。
[题组训练]
（1）单句改错
Thereasonwhyhewon’tcomeisbecausehismotherdoesn’tallowhimto.because改为that
（2）Thereasonthathewasillthatdaywasactuallymadeupbyhimself.Infact，thereasonwhyhewasabsentisthathewenttoseeafilm.
4．Hetaughtthatif_the_government_was_kind，then_people_would_be_good.
他教导说如果政府施行仁政，人民就会向善。
[归纳拓展]
本句中的that引导的宾语从句中包含一个if引导的虚拟条件句。
该结构中，根据动作时间的不同，主从句谓语动词需要采用相应的形式：
类型
非真实条件从句
主句
与现在事实相反
主语＋动词过去式（be动词一般用were）
主语＋should/would/could/might＋动词原形
与过去事实相反
主语＋had＋过去分词
主语＋should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词
与将来事实相反
主语＋过去式/should＋动词原形/wereto＋动词原形
主语＋would/should/could/might＋动词原形
[语境助记]
（1）IfIwereyou，Ishould_buyit.
如果我是你，我就买了它。
（与现在事实相反）
（2）Ifyouhad_gotupearlier，youcould_have_caughtthetrain.
如果你早一点起床，就会赶上火车的。
（与过去事实相反）
（3）Ifshewere_to_marryJack，shewould_behappy.
如果嫁给杰克，她会幸福的。
（与将来事实相反）
[题组训练]
（1）用所给词的适当形式填空
①IfIhad（have）timenow，Iwouldchatwithyou.
②Ifyouhad_studied（study）hard，youwouldhavepassedtheexam.
③Ifitsnowed/were_to_snow/should_snow（snow），whatshouldwedo?
（2）—Pityyoumissedthelectureonnuclearpollution.
—Iwould_have_attended（attend）it，butIwasbusypreparingforajobinterview.
（3）Icouldn’t_have_gone（notgo）throughthatbitterperiodwithoutyourgeneroushelp.
1．AncientChinawasaplacewherestateswereoftenatwarwitheachother.
句式分析：
句子中的从句where...eachother是定语从句，修饰先行词place，where在从句中作地点状语。
自主翻译：
古代中国各诸侯国之间经常发生战争。
2．However，whenhesawthattherulerwasnotfollowinghisadvice，h
升级会员 