英语的句子结构.docx

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英语的句子结构.docx

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英语的句子结构.docx

英语的句子结构

英语的句子结构

英语基本句型有五个:

S+V,S+V+Cs,S+V+O,S+V+Oi+Od,S+V+Od+Co,其共有特征是主谓结构(S+V)。

句子成分主要有四种:

主语S、谓语动词V、补语(主语补语或称表语Cs,宾语补语Co)和宾语(直接宾语Od,间接宾语Oi)。

●Pattern1(S+V)

1.此句型中,“V”是不及物动词,后面无宾语,如:

Myrightarmhurts.

但通常有后续成分或称状语(A),即S+V+A,如:

Shelivedhappily.

Thesunriseseverymorning.

2.在有些句子中,主语或谓语或某一部分可省略,如:

(I)Hopetoseeyouagainsoon.(省略主语)

Whocalled?

Jane(did).(省略谓语)

●Pattern2(S+V+Cs)

1.此句型的“V”是连系动词,“Cs”是主语补语,或称表语。

充当主语补语的有名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语、动词V-ing形式或V-ed形式、不定式及名词性从句等,如:

MyfirstnameisBill.

Lifeiscolorful.

Seeingisbelieving.

Ourbeliefisthatthingswillimprove.

2.常见的连系动词有下列几类:

a.表示“判断”:

be;

b.表示“变得”、“成为”:

become,come,go,fall,get,grow,prove,turn等;

c.表示“保持着某一状态”:

hold,keep,lie,remain,rest,sit,stay等;

d.表示“看起来”、“好像”:

appear,look,seem等;

e.表示“实感”:

feel,sound,taste,smell等。

e.g.SheisateacherandIamadoctor.

Springcomesandalltreesturngreen.

Hestayedawakeallnight.

Youdon’tlookhappy,what'sthematter?

Theirplansoundswonderful.

●Pattern3(S+V+O)

1.“V”是及物动词,后面需跟一个宾语,可充当宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、V-ing结构及名词性从句等,如:

Iunderstandtheprogram.

Sheaskedtoseethemanager.

Maryisconsideringchangingherjob.

Hesaidthathewouldcallmetomorrow.

2.这种结构有时必须跟状语,意义才完整(即S+V+O+A),如:

Weacceptedtheiradviceinbuyinganewcar.

Shecompletedtheassignmentjustasthebellwasringing.

Wedon’ttrusthimbecauseheoftenlies.

Youmakeapromiseonlywhenyouknowyoucankeepit.

●Pattern4(S+V+Oi+Od)

1.此句型的“V”称为双宾及物动词,其后需跟间接宾语“Oi”(通常指人)和直接宾语“Od”(通常指物或事)。

2.此类动词大都具有给与的意义,常见的有allow,assign,award,bring,buy,cause,choose,fetch,find,get,give,grant,hand,leave,lend,offer,owe,pass,pay,post,promise,read,recommend,refuse,render,return,sell,send,show,sing,take,telephone,touch,tell,throw,wish,write等,如:

Igavehimthebook.

I’llreturnyouthedictionarysoon.

3.有时间接宾语可移至直接宾语之后,但要加相应的介词如“to”,“for”,“of”等,试比较:

Bettygaveherdaughteranapple.

→Bettygaveanappletoherdaughter.

Fatherboughthimabike.

→Fatherboughtabikeforhim.

Heaskedmeaquestion.

→Heaskedaquestionofme.

●Pattern5(S+V+Od+Co)

该句型中,谓语动词虽有宾语,但句子意义仍不完整,需加补语“Co”补足其意义。

充当宾语补语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式短语及分词等,如:

Wecallhimafool.

Wefoundthehouseempty.

Ourneighborsbuilttheirwallhigh.

Webelieveyoutobeanhonestman.

Iheardthemsingingintheclassroom.

常用的这类动词有:

appoint,believe,call,catch,choose,consider,declare,elect,fancy,feel,find,hear,imagine,judge,keep,know,leave,make,name,need,prefer,prove,see,select,suppose,think,vote等。

NounClause(名词从句)

名词从句包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语等从句。

它们可以由下列连词引导:

从属连词that,whether,if;连接代词who(ever),whom,whose,what(ever),which(ever);连接副词when,where,why,how,howmuch/many/long/often等。

●主语从句在句中作主语

Thatmathematicsfindsitsuseineveryscienceisevident.

Whoeveristiredmayrest.

Whytheearthmovesroundthesunisquiteclearnow.

主语从句常放在句尾而用it作形式主语使句子更加平衡,这时口语中常省略that,如上面第一句改成“Itisevident(that)mathematicsfindsitsuseineveryscience.”更好。

在下列情况下必须把主语从句放在句尾而用it作形式主语:

1.主句谓语是被动语态时,如:

Itissaidthatheisagooddoctor.

2.主句是疑问句或感叹句时,如:

Isittruethatthefilmstarwillcome?

Howwonderfulitisthatwe'llvisittheGreatWalltomorrow.

3.主句谓语动词是appear,turnout,happen,occur,come,strike,follow,matter等时,如:

Ithappenedthatshehadacoldanddidn'tgowithusthatday.

ItturnedoutthatIwaswrong.

4.表示说话人的推测或评价,如在itseems,itmaybe,itis(un)likely,itis(im)possible,itisapity,itisawonder等结构中,如:

Itseemsthatthistestisreliable.

Itisapity(that)shecan'tgowithus.

5.强调主句的表语时,如:

Itisamysterytomehowitallhappened.

Itisnecessarythatheshoulddoso.

●宾语从句在句中作宾语

Ithought(that)youhadreadthebook.

Weshouldlearntotellwhetheranelementispoisonousornot.

Doyouknowwhoinventedthis?

1.宾语从句后有宾语补足语时常移至句末,而用it做形式宾语放在前面,如:

Theexperimentmakesitclearthatairhaspressure.

2宾语从句可作某些介词和某些作表语用的形容词的宾语,如:

Theresistanceofawirealsodependsuponwhatmaterialitismadeof.

Wearesure(that)itwillbeasuccess.

3.宾语从句可以是直接引语也可以是间接引语,如:

Heaskedme,“AreyoufromChengdu?

”(直接引语)

HeaskedmewhetherIwasfromChengdu.(间接引语)

●表语从句在句中作表语

Thereasonis(that)wehaven'traisedenoughmoney.

Thatiswhatwewanttoknow.

●同位语从句在句中作补充说明名词及其短语的从句

IamindoubtwhetherIshouldbuyornot.

HeexpressedhishopethathewouldvisitChinaagain.

RelativeClause(定语从句)

引导定语从句的关系词有

1.关系代词who,whom(代人);which(代物);that,whose,as(代人或物)。

它们的数和人称要和先行词一致,格取决于它们在句中充当的成分,如:

Amachineisakindofdevicewhich(that)helpstodowork.

Thosewhowantticketsshouldgototheoffice.

Thetechnicianwhomwemetyesterdayhadworkedoutanewautomaticdevice.

先行词前有限定词all,any,every,(a)few,no,only,some,very或序数词或形容词最高级等修饰时,或先行词是指物的不定代词all,little,few,much,none或-thing构成的复合不定代词时,一般只用关系代词that,如:

Anyboythatwantstosucceedmustworkhard.

Thereisnotmuchthatcanbedone.

I'vemadeupmymind,andnothing(that)yousaywillchangeit.

先行词是指示代词such或same时,只用as,先行词被指示形容词such或same修饰时,通常用as,如:

ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpected.

Shesaidthesameasshesaidbefore.

I'veneverseensuchdogsasyoudescribe.

I'llwearthesamedressasIdidlasttime.

2.关系副词有:

when,where,why,它们都在从句中作状语,其先行词总是表示时间、地点或理由的名词,如:

Thedayswhentheyhadtoimportgrainfromabroadhavenowpassed.

Airmovesfromplaceswherethepressureishighertoplaceswherethepressureislower.

Herefusedtotellthereasonwhyhedidit.

限制性和非限制性定语从句(RestrictiveandNon-restrictiveClause)

限制性定语从句是主句中的先行词不可缺少的一部分,如果省去,主句的意义就不完整或不明确,因此,它与主句关系十分密切,不用逗号与主句分开;非限制性定语从句只是对主句中的先行词作附加说明,如果省去,主句仍能表达明确、完整的概念,因此,它与主句间有一逗号分开,如:

Don'tyouknowthepeoplewholivenextdoor?

Theproblem,whichiscomplicated,hasbeensolved.

That不用于引导非限制性定语从句;先行词是主句或主句的一部分时,用which或as引导非限制性定语从句,如从句放在主句之前则用as而不用which,如:

Hechangedhismind,whichmademeveryangry.

Hewasaforeigner,as/whichIknewfromhisaccent.

Aswasexpected,heperformedthetaskwithsuccess.

关于“Noun/Pronoun+Preposition+Which/Whom/Whose”结构

Theresistanceofaconductordependsonthekindofsubstanceofwhichitismade.

Isn'tshethegirlwithwhomyouvisitedtheexhibitiontheotherday?

关系代词whom和which常常作介词of的宾语,用“名词/代词/数词+of+whom/which”结构,如:

Heisreadingabook,thenameofwhichIdon'tknow.

Herparents,bothofwhomareteachers,areverystrictwithher.

Inourclasstherearefortystudents,fourofwhomarefromAfrica.

Whose指物时常可用ofwhich代替,这时whose所修饰的名词放在ofwhich之前,如:

Wehadameetingwhosepurposewascompletelyunclear.

=Wehadameetingthepurposeofwhichwascompletelyunclear.

AppositionandAppositiveClause(同位语和同位语从句)

可以用作同位语的有:

1.名词、代词、数词及其它们的短语、不定式和分词短语,如:

China,ourgreatmotherland,nowisdevelopingrapidlyinscienceandtechnology.

Weallwenttoseeher.

WetwoarefromChongqingandtheythreearefromChengdu.

Weallhaveacommondesire—tobecomequalifiedteachers.

That'sherjob,takingcareoftheagedinthecommunity.

2.of引导的介词短语,如:

thecityofBeijing,theartofwriting

3.用连词or,orrather或orbetter等引导的词或短语,如:

Theyarrivedhomelatethateveningorratherearlythenextmorning.

4.用插入语thatis(tosay),inotherwords,namely,forexample,forinstance,suchas,say,especially,particularly,chiefly,mainly等引导的词或短语,如:

Mr.Smithknowsfivelanguages,namelyEnglish,French,Chinese,RussianandJapanese.

5.同位语从句,即与先行词同位或等同的从句,其先行词多为belief,doubt,fact,hope,idea,news,promise,question,remark,reply,report,thought,truth等;其引导词多为that(在口语中可省去),也可用whether等,如:

Therecanbenodoubtthatwe'llfinishintime.

Mostpeoplearefamiliarwiththeideathatallmatterconsistsofatoms.

Weshoulddiscusscarefullytheimportantquestionwhetherornotwecancompletethetaskwithinaweek.

注意that在同位语从句中不作任何句子成分,只起引导从句的作用,而在定语从句中that还充当主语或宾语,或状语,比较:

Noonecandenythefactthathehasmadegreatachievementsinhiswork.(同位语从句,连词that在从句中不作任何句子成分。

Thisisthepicturethatthelittleboydrewyesterday.(定语从句,关系代词that在从句中作宾语。

英语句子中的谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,如:

Mr.SmithteachesusoralEnglish.

Nowadayslotsofcollegegraduatesarebusylookingforjobs.

1.一些句子结构中的主谓一致:

a.在"there+be"句型中,谓语动词通常和最邻近它的那个名词保持一致,如:

Thereisabookandfourpensonthedesk.

Therearetwobedsandabookshelfintheroom.

b.在定语从句中,谓语动词应和该从句的先行词保持一致,如:

Aliceisthepersonwhorunstheschool.

Hewhocheatsonexamswillbekickedoutoftheschool.

Iwasoneofthosepersonswhowereluckilyinterviewedbythedirectorhimself.

上例中如果one前有theonly修饰,强调某一个体时,从句的谓语动词应用单

数,如:

Iwastheonlyoneofthosepersonswhowasluckilyinterviewedbythedirector

himself.

c.倒装结构中的谓语动词应与它的真正主语保持一致,如:

Hereisaletterforyou.

Therecometwobuses.

2.并列结构作主语时句子的主谓一致:

a.由both...and...连接的两个名(代)词作主语时,谓语动词用复数,如:

BothTomandMaryhavebeeninvitedtotheparty.

b.由and连接的并列结构作主语,谓语一般用复数。

但当两个名词表达同一个人、

同一件事或同一概念时,谓语应该用单数,如:

Thewriterandeditorisgoingtothemeetinginperson.

Breadandbutterisadailyfoodinthewest.

Lawandorderissoimportanttoacountrythatnooneshouldbreakit.

c.由aswellas,asmuchas,alongwith,besides,inadditionto,including,like,no

lessthan,ratherthan,(together)with等连接的两个名(代)词作主语时,谓语应

和第一个名(代)词保持数的一致,如:

Thebusdriveraswellasseveralpassengershassurvivedtheaccident.

YesterdayIsawapick-pocketwithhiscompanywascaughtbyapoliceman.

d.由or,either…or...,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…等连接的两个名(代)词作主语时,谓语一般和后一个名(代)词保持一致,如:

NotyoubutI

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