语言学导论.docx

语言学导论.docx

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语言学导论

UnitISomePreliminariesAboutLanguage

I.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse:

1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

2.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.

3.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.

4.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.

5.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.

6.Appliedlinguisticsistheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.

7.Competenceandperformancereferrespectivelytoalanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesandtheactualuseoflanguageinconcrete.

8.Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.

9.Bydiachronicstudywemeantostudythechangesanddevelopmentoflanguage.

10.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.

11.Thereisuniversalagreementabouttheoriginoflanguage.

12.Petdogscanspeakhumanlanguages.

13.Allhumaninfantscanspeaksomelanguage.

14.Bycreativitywemeanthecreativeuseoflanguageasoftenpracticedbypoets.

15.Withdifferentculturestherewillbedifferentlanguages.

16.Notallusesoflanguagearemeanttoconveynewinformation.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.

1.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe_____.

C.descriptive

2.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?

D.Meaningfulness

3.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas____________.

C.secondary

4.Thefunctionofthesentence“waterboilsat100degreescentigrade”is________.

Cinformative

5.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa____studyoflanguage.

B.diachronic

6.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsforhuman__________.

Bcommunication

7.Languagesis_______

Bnon-instinctive

8.Alinguistregardsthechangeinlanguageandlanguageuseas_______

Cnatural

9.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary.

Atree

10.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because___________.

D.Alloftheabove

Unit2TheSoundsofEnglish

I.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse:

1．Ofthethreephoneticsbranches,thelongestestablishedone,anduntilrecentlythemosthighlydeveloped,isacousticphonetics

2.Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning.

3．Sound（p）intheword“spit”isanun-aspiratedstop.

4.Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories.

5．Supersegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.

6.Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.

7.Theair-streamprovidedbythelungshasundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.

8.Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.

9．Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproducedifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation

10.Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific.

11.Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.

12.[i:

]and[i]areallophonesofthesamephoneme.

13.NotallEnglishphonemeshaveallophones.

Note:

/N/and/j/occurinonesinglepositionandthereforedonothaveallophones.

14.Thesamesetofvowelsisusedinalllanguages.

15.Allsyllablesmustcontainatleastonevowel.

Note:

Somesyllablesmaycontainnovowels.Theymay,instead,employsomesyllabicconsonant,asinpeopleandmuscle.

16.ThemarkingofwordstressisarbitraryforthemostpartinEnglish.

17.Englishisatonelanguage.

Note:

Chineseisatonelanguage.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

1．Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?

A[z]

2．Ofallthespeechorgans,the_______is/arethemostflexible.

C.tongue

3．Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare____sounds.

A.voiceless

4．Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?

B[u:

]

5．__________isavoicedalveolarstop.

B./d/

6．Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophones____________.

D.similar

7．Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe___________.

A.inphonemiccontrast

8．Pitchvariationisknownas________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.

Aintonation9．Thesound/f/is_________________.

D.voicelesslabiodentalsfricative

10．whichbranchofphoneticsconcerntheproductionofspeechsounds?

Barticulatoryphonetics

V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:

2．Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?

Theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:

howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified.Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinlanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

Unit3TheUnitsofEnglish

I.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse:

1.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.

2.Wordsarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage.

3.Justasaphonemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofphonology,soisamorphemethebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology.

4.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitsthatcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesarefreemorphemes.

5.Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme

6.Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degree,andcase.

7.Basereferstothepartofwordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved

8.Therearerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword.Therefore,wordsformedaccordingtothemorphologicalrulesareacceptablewords.

9.Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.

10.AllwordsinEnglishhaveahierarchicalstructure.

11.Clippingisoneofthethreemostimportantdevicesofword-formationinEnglish.

12.IdiomsinEnglisharemodifiableinsomegrammaticalways.

13.ThepresenceofconstructionsisuniquetoEnglish.

14.EveryEnglishsentencehasasubject.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

1.Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas________

Alexicalwords

2.Thecompoundword“bookstore”istheplacewherebooksaresold.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompound__________.

D.Noneoftheabove.

3.Thepartofspeechofthecompoundsisgenerallydeterminedbythepartofspeechof__________.

B.thesecondelement

4.Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled________morpheme

Ainflectional

5._________isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

C.Morphology

6.Themeaningcarriedbytheinflectionalmorphemeis_______.

C.grammatical

7.Boundmorphemesarethosethat___________.

D.hastobecombinedwithothermorphemes

8.____modifiesthemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.

A.Prefixes

9.________isoftenthoughttobethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguagebythelinguists.

B.Morphemes

10.Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor_____________

Bphoneme

V.Answerthefollowingquestions:

2.Discussthetypesofmorphemeswithexamples.

Freemorphemes:

Theyaretheindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves,forexample,“book-”intheword“bookish”.Boundmorphemes:

Theyarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformawordsuchas“-ish”in“bookish”.Bound

Morphemescanbesubdividedintorootsandaffixes.Arootisseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughithasaclearanddefinitemeaning,suchas“gene-”intheword“generate”.Affixesareoftwotypes:

inflectionalandderivational.Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchas“-s”intheword“books”toindicatepluralityofnouns.Derivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateawordsuchas“mis-”intheword“misinform”.Derivationalaffixescanalsobedividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.Prefixesoccuratthebeginningofawordsuchas“dis-”intheword“dislike”,whilesuffixe