高级英语修辞格1.docx

高级英语修辞格1.docx

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高级英语修辞格1

Rhetoric

Whatisrhetoric?

Rhetoricistheartofusinglanguageeffectively.Itisconcernedwithpunctuation,diction,figuresofspeech,theprinciplesofgoodwritingandusage.Inourdiscussionofrhetoric,emphasisislaidonfiguresofspeech,sincetheyplaysuchanimportantandinterestingrolebothinliteratureandinourdailylife.

Whatarefiguresofspeech?

Figuresofspeecharerhetoricaldevicesofdeviationsfromtheordinaryorliteralwayofexpressions,withaviewtoproducinggreaterimpressivenessandeffect.

ComparethefollowingpairsofsentencesinAandB:

A.Figurative（转义）

Justaspaintersdrawpicturesincolors,sowriterspaintpicturesinwords.Theyusefigurativelanguage—languagethatcompares—toproduceimagesintheirdescriptionornarrations.

1.Sometimesnon-humanthingsaregivenhumanfeatures（personification拟人）:

—Thefrontgardenwasagravelsquare;fourevergreenshrubsstoodateachcorner,wheretheystruggledtosurvivethedustandfumesfromabusymainroad.

—…“Help,letmein,pleaseletmein!

”Butthehouseswerecold,closed,unfriendly…

2.Sometimescomparisonsaremadeusingthewordslikeoras（simile明喻）:

—Thechequeflutteredtothefloorlikeabirdwithabrokenwing.

—Helookedatmewithanairofsurpriseddisapproval,asacolonelmightlookataprivatewhosebootlaceswereundone.

—Heisasstupidasanass.

—Iwanderedlonelyasacloud

Thatfloatsonhigho’ervalesandhills.

3.Moreoftencomparisonsarenotstatedbutsuggested（metaphor暗喻）:

—Thiscentury…manhasstartedtolookintotheworkingsofthatotheruniversewhichisinsidehimself—thehumanbrain.

—Hisfamouswill…isamemorialtohisinterestsandideas.

—IamaministeringangelinaMiniwithaheavycoatandabagofmedicine.

—TherewerenomorebutterfliesinmystomachwhenIopenedupanabdomenorachest.

—TheBathtubNavy

—Lifeisawalkingshadow.（or:

Lifeisabriefcandle.）

B.Literal（本义）

1.Theeveningsunshoneonthetopsofhighmountainsandrocks.

2.Lifeisshortandmeaningless.

Figurativelanguageisanimportantstylisticdevicethatwritersuse.Itmakestheirdescriptionornarrationmorevividandinteresting.Understandingfigurativelanguageisanimportantreadingskillwhichhelpsreaderstorecognizethe“secretpower”ofwordsandappreciatethesensoryimpressionsandreactionscreatedby

ThemainfunctionsofFiguresofspeech:

1.Figuresofspeechexcitetheimaginationandaffordusimaginativepleasure.

2.Figuresofspeechareawayofbringingadditionalimagery（意像）intospeechtoconcretizetheabstract,ofmakingpoetrymoresensuous.（给人以美感）

3.Figuresofspeechareawayofaddingemotionalintensitytootherwisemerelyinformativestatementsandtheyareawayofconveyingattitudesalongwithinformation.

4.Figuresofspeechareameansofconcentration,ofspeakingvolumesinafewwords.

5.Figuresofspeechareaveryimportantpartofrhetoricalanalysis.

Inthetreatmentoffiguresofspeech,emphasisislaidonusage,especiallytheusageofcommonlyusedverbs,prepositions,adverbsandconjunctionsthatappearinthefiguresofspeechorinrelatedusage.

Figuresofspeechcanfallintodifferenttypesaccordingtolexicon,syntaxandphonetics.

Ⅰ.LexicalStylisticDevices（词义修辞格）

SimileMetaphorMetonymySynecdoche

AntonomasiaPersonificationTransferredepithet

IronyInnuendoSarcasmRidiculeOxymoron

ParadoxEpigramParonomasia/punHyperbole

Understatement（低调陈述）EuphemismPeriphrasis（迂回说法）

Allusion（引喻）Parody（仿拟）Syllepsis（一语双叙）Zeugma

Ⅱ.SyntacticalStylisticDevices（结构修辞格）

parallelismantithesisclimax（层进）

anti-climax（渐降）Rhetoricalquestion

Chiasmus（交错配列）Palindrome（四文）

Repetition（反复）Enallage（文法交换）

Anastrophe（倒装）Hendiadys（重言法）

Ⅲ.Miscellaneous（其他修辞格）

ApostropheBiblicalRhetoric（仿圣经语）

FiguresofSpeechofLessonOne

1.Simile

Simileisafigureofspeechinwhichonethingislikenedto（比作）another,insuchawayasto

clarifyandenhanceanimage.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as…so,likeandsomeotherwordsindicatingcomparisonorlikenesssuchasmorethan,asif,resemble,resemblanceareusedtoindicatesimilesandtransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.

Therearesetexpressionsintheformofsimiles.Alistofmanysuchidiomsisgivenbelow:

A.Usedwithadjectives:

1）aswhiteasasheet/snow苍白如纸/洁白如雪

2）asbrownasaberry（果酱）

3）asdarkasnight

4）asgreenasgrass

5）asbold/braveasalion

6）ascheepasdirt

7）ascoolascucumber（泰然自若）

8）ascoldascharity（慈善）像慈善机关对穷人那样冷冰冰的

9）ascleanasawhistle像哨子一样光洁

10）ascleverasabarrelofmonkeys

11）asclearasabell/theday/thesun

12）ascrossastwosticks/abearwithasorehead非常生气

13）asdeadasadoornail确已将死的

14）aseasyasABC

15）asdullasditch-water非常单调乏味

16）asdeafasapost全聋

17）asdrunkasalord大醉

18）asdryasabone/dust干透了

19）asdifferentaschalkfromcheese完全不同

20）aseasyasfallingoffalog

21）asfreshasadaisy菊

22）asfitasafiddle非常健康

23）asfreeasabird/air

24）asgoodasaplay非常有趣

25）ashotashell

26）asheavyaslead

27）ashonestastheday非常诚实

28）ashungryasahunter/ahawk/abear/awolf

29）ashardasabrick/iron/nails

30）ashappyasaprince/thedayislong非常幸福，非常快乐

31）asinnocentasa（new-born）baby

32）aslikeastwopeas一模一样

33）aslightasafeather轻如鸿毛

34）asmadasaMarchhare/ahatter极为疯狂

35）asmeekasamouse

36）asoldasthehills极老

37）aspure/spotlessasthedrivensnow（飘雪）洁如白雪

38）asprettyasapicture

39）aspoorasachurchmouse

40）asquietasamouse/mice

41）asquickaslightning/aflash

42）asrichasCroesus非常富有

43）asstubborn/obstinateasamule

44）assilentasagrave

45）assillyasaduck

46）asslipperyasaneel

47）assureasfate千真万确

48）assteadyasarock

49）asslowasasnail

50）assharpasarazor/aneedle

51）assnugasabuginarug像小地毯里的臭虫一样舒服

52）asthinasarail

53）astimidasamouse

54）astoughasleather

55）astrueassteel绝对真实可靠

56）asuglyassin极丑，极恶劣

57）asweakaswater身体虚弱；意志薄弱

58）aswiseasSolomon（所罗门，古以色列王子，以智慧著称）

Notes:

1.Intheaboveexamples,thefirst‘as’issometimesomitted.

2.Thereisoftenalliterationorrhymeinsimiles,

E.g.ashungryasahunter

3.Anappropriateuseofthemdoesaddcolorandflavortothelanguageandtheabovelistitself

invitesattention,sinceittellsussomethingaboutthewitandhumoroftheEnglishpeopleandtheir

habitofthinking.

B.Usedwithverbsandverbalphrases:

1）behavelikeabullinachinashop

2）blushlikeaschoolgirl

3）crawllikeasnail

4）collapselikeahousebuiltonsand

5）comedown/falllikeatonofbricks

6）drinklikeafish

7）grinlikeaCheshirecat总是无缘无故的笑

（源出LewisCarroll所著的“AliceinWonderland”，该书谈及Cheshire郡的猫总是露齿而笑，笑得

身子消失了，只见笑容。

8）havenineliveslikeacat猫有九命（指猫的生命力很强）

9）haveamemorylikeasieve记忆力极差

10）hatelikepoison嫉恨，深恶

11）jumpaboutlikeacatonahottinroof

12）looklikeadyingduckinthunderstorm惊慌失措

13）runlikeahare

14）know（aperson）likeabook非常了解（某人）

15）roarlikealion

16）sighlikeafurnace长声叹气

17）speaklikeabook咬文嚼字

18）shakelikeanaspen（白杨）leaf飕飕的抖动

19）springuplikemushroomsovernight

20）sleeplikeatop（陀螺）/log熟睡

21）taketo（沉湎于）somethinglike（oras）aducktowater极爱，最喜欢

22）worklikeahorse/aTrojan（特洛伊人）辛苦的工作

23）Theyspentmoneylikewater.

24）Andatoncetheyshutuplikeclams.

C.morethan

1）Wheninafury,sheismoresavagethanatigress.

D.seem,resemble,resemblance

1）Seemsheadove?

Hisfeathersarebutborrowed.（Shakespeare）

2）Herfaceresembledasilvermoon.

3）Herfaceboretheresemblanceofamoon.

4）Thesechildhoodcompanionsseemedphantoms（幻象）inadreamnow.

E.asif

1）ThefirsttimeIreadanexcellentbook,itisasifIhadgainedanewfriend.

2）Thethoughthurthim,thenlostedge（锋刃）,asifithadcomeincontactwithabreast-plate（胸铠）。

F.nomore…than

Ahomewithoutloveisnomorethanahomethanabodywithoutasoulinaman.

G.mightaswell…as

Youmightaswellexpectaleopardtochangeitsspotsasexpecthimtogiveupsmoking.

2.Antithesis（对照）

Antithesisisafigureofspeechcharacterizedbystrongcontrastingwords,clauses,sentences,orideas.A

balancingofonetermagainstanotherforimpressivenessandemphasis.（AHandbooktoLiteratureby

HughHolman）（对照是把两个意义绝然相反的句子以相同的句式进行对照，对照句要求前后两句结

构对称，语义相对立，一般具有声韵和谐，言简意赅之效果。

）

E.g.Toerrishuman,toforgive,divine.

Hopeforthebest,andpreparefortheworst.（抱最好的希望，做最坏的打算。

）

Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes;itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageof

foolishness;itwastheseasonoflight,itwastheseasonofdarkness.（Dickens）

Asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou;askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.

Aworldwhichwilllamentthemadayandforgetthemforever.（MarkTwain）

Craftymencondemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem.（FrancisBacon）

（学问之事，巧黠者鄙夷之，纯朴着赞叹之。

）

NotthatI’ov’dCaesarless,butthatI’ov’dRomemore.（Shakespeare）

（并非我不爱凯撒，只因我更爱罗马。

）

Thecowarddoesitwithakiss,thebravemanwithasword.（OscarWilde）

Ifafreesocietycannothelpthemanywhoarepoor,itcannotsavethefewwhoarerich.（Kennedy）

（倘若自由的社会不能帮助众多的穷人，也就保全不了少数的富人。

）

Proverbs:

Afallinthepit,againinthewit.（吃一堑，长一智。

）

Speechissilver,silenceisgolden.（雄辩是银，沉默是金。

）

Knowledgemakesyouhumble;ignorancemakesyouproud.

3.Metonymy（转喻；借代）

Metonymyisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthenameofonethingfor

thatofanother.Thissubstitutednamemaybeanattrbuteofthatotherthingorbecloselyassociatedwit