专题09 高考英语阅读理解说明文专练发明创造.docx

专题09 高考英语阅读理解说明文专练发明创造.docx

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专题09高考英语阅读理解说明文专练发明创造

专题092021年高考英语阅读理解说明文专练-发明创造

Passage1说明文|转化可再生能源的新装置

Ifwewantafairshotattransitioningtorenewableenergy,we’llneedonecriticalthing:

technologiesthatcanchangeelectricityfromwindandsunintoachemicalfuelforstorageandviceversa（反之亦然）.Commercialdevicesthatdothisexist,butmostarecostlyandperformonlyhalfoftheexpectation.Now,researchershavecreatedsmalllab-scaledevicesthatdobothjobs.Iflargerversionsworkaswell,theywouldhelpmakeitpossible—oratleastmoreaffordable—toruntheworldonrenewables.

Themarketforsuchtechnologieshasgrownalongwithrenewables:

In2007,solarandwindprovidedjust0.8%ofallpowerintheUnitedStates:

in2017,thatnumberwas8%,accordingtotheU.S.EnergyInformationAdministration.Butthedemandforelectricityoftendoesn’tmatchthesupplyfromsolarandwind.InsunnyCalifornia,forexample,solarpanelsregularlyproducemorepowerthanneededinthemiddleoftheday,butnoneatnight,aftermostworkersandstudentsreturnhome.

Somecompaniesarebeginningtoinstallmassiverowsofbatteriesinhopesofstoringextraenergyandbalancingthefinancialsheet.Butbatteriesarecostlyandstoreonlyenoughenergytobackupthepowersystemforafewhoursatmost.Anotheroptionistostoretheenergybytransformingitintohydrogenfuel.Devicescalledelectrolyzers（电解器）dothisbyusingelectricity—ideallyfromsolarandwindpower—tobreakdownwaterintooxygenandhydrogengas,acarbon-freefuel.Asecondsetofdevicescalledfuelcellscanthentransformthathydrogenbacktoelectricitytopowercars,trucks,andbuses,ortofeedittothepowersystem.Butcommercialelectrolyzersandfuelcellsusedifferentcatalysts（催化剂）tospeedupthetworeactions,meaningasingledevicecantdobothjobs.Theresearchersmustconquerthis.

“Theydidareallygoodjobwiththat.”saysSossinaHaile,achemistatNorthwesternUniversityinEvanston.Still,sheholdsacautiousviewthatbothhernewdeviceandtheonefromtheO’Hayrelabaresmalllaboratorydemonstrations.Forthetechnologytohaveasocietalimpact,researcherswillneedtoscaleupthebutton-sizedevices,aprocessthattypicallyreducesperformance.

8.Whatcanwelearnaboutthenewdevicefromthefirstparagraph?

A.Itsuniversaluseremainstobeseen.

B.Itismoreexpensivebutmorepractical.

C.Itcantransformmorerenewableenergy.

D.Itisthemostadvancedaroundtheworld.

9.Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytalkabout?

A.TherapiddevelopmentofAmericantechnologies.

B.Thepotentialmarketforenergytransformationtechnologies.

C.Thehistoryofenergytransformationtechnologies.

D.ThelackofpowerinCalifornia.

10.Whatmaytheresearchersfocusonnext?

A.Lesseningcostlybatteries.

B.Increasingtheefficiencyofthetworeactions.

C.Lookingforonesharedcatalystsforthetworeactions.

DBreakingdownwaterintoacarbon-freefuelwithoutusingelectricity.

11.WhatisHaile’sattitudetothefutureofthenewdevice?

A.Positive.B.Negative.C.Critical.D.Cautious.

【答案】8.A9.B10.C11.D

【解析】这是一篇科普说明文。

文章主要介绍一种能够转化可再生能源的新装置。

8.推理判断题。

根据第一段“Now,researchershavecreatedsmalllab-scaledevicesthatdobothjobs.Iflargerversionsworkaswell,theywouldhelpmakeitpossible—oratleastmoreaffordable—toruntheworldonrenewables.”可知，现在，研究人员已经创造出了同时具备这两种功能的实验室规模的设备。

如果更大的版本也能发挥作用，它们将有助于使世界上使用可再生能源成为可能——或者至少更经济实惠。

所以通过关键词“ smalllab-scaledevices ，if引导的条件状语从从句”可以推断出，这种新装置大规模地投入使用还需拭目以待。

故选A项。

9.主旨大意题。

由第二段“Themarketforsuchtechnologieshasgrownalongwithrenewables”可知，这类技术的市场随着可再生能源的发展而增长以及对市场增长的具体介绍可知，第二段主要说明这个新装置潜在的市场很大。

故选B项。

10.推理判断题。

由第三段“Butcommercialelectrolyzersandfuelcellsusedifferentcatalysts（催化剂）tospeedupthetworeactions,meaningasingledevicecantdobothjobs.Theresearchersmustconquerthis.”可知，但是商业电解器和燃料电池用不同的催化剂加速这两种反应，这意味着一个设备不能同时做这两件事。

研究人员必须攻克这个难题。

这个难题是必须攻克的，也是研究人员下一步要集中解决的问题。

所以推断出，接下来研究人员会主攻这两种反应能够共用的催化剂。

故选C项。

11.推理判断题。

根据最后一段“Still,sheholdsacautiousviewthatbothhernewdeviceandtheonefromtheO’Hayrelabaresmalllaboratorydemonstrations.Forthetechnologytohaveasocietalimpact,researcherswillneedtoscaleupthebutton-sizedevices,aprocessthattypicallyreducesperformance.”可知，不过，她提醒说，她的新设备和来自奥海雷实验室小型的实验室演示。

为了让这项技术产生社会影响，研究人员需要增加这种纽扣大小设备的产量，但是这一过程通常会降低其性能。

所以通过Haile的观点可以推断出，她对这个新装置的未来持谨慎的态度，虽然实验室成功了，但并不代表量产就没有问题。

没有盲目自信也没有消极放弃。

故选D项。

根据文章中人物所说的话的内容是解决推理判断题的重要方法，因为通过所说的内容，我们可以判断出，作者所要想表达的观点是积极的还是消极的，是中立的还是支持或者否定某一方，对事情是关心的还是冷漠的。

是在提出建议还是在提出具体的解决措施。

根据最后一段“Still,sheholdsacautiousviewthatbothhernewdeviceandtheonefromtheO’Hayrelabaresmalllaboratorydemonstrations.Forthetechnologytohaveasocietalimpact,researcherswillneedtoscaleupthebutton-sizedevices,aprocessthattypicallyreducesperformance.”可知，不过，她提醒说，她的新设备和来自奥海雷实验室小型的实验室演示。

为了让这项技术产生社会影响，研究人员需要增加这种纽扣大小设备的产量，但是这一过程通常会降低其性能。

所以通过Haile的观点可以推断出，她对这个新装置的未来持谨慎的态度，虽然实验室成功了，但并不代表量产就有没问题。

没有盲目自信也没有消极放弃。

故小题4选D项。

Passage2说明文|四位伟大女性以及她们的发明

Herearesomegreatpeopleandtheirachievements.

MaryAnderson—windscreenwiper

Backonafreezingwinter’sdayin1902,MaryAndersonwastravellingbytrainthroughNewYorkCity.Snowwasfalling,forcingthedrivertostoprepeatedlyandgetouttoclearit.Eachtimethedooropened,Marysufferedagustofsub-zeroair.Shehadanidea:

whynotmakesomekindofarubberbladethatcouldbeoperatedfrominsidethevehicle?

Andthat’sexactlywhatshedid.

JosephineCochrane—dishwasher

Thedishwasherdatesbackevenearliertothe19thcentury,andtothedinnerpartiesthrownbyaladycalledJosephineCochrane.Asafrequenthost,shewantedamachinethatcouldwashdishesfasterthanpeople.Herresponsewastodevelopwhatwastobecomethefirstcommerciallysuccessfuldishwasher.Interestingly,innovationwasinherblood:

hergrandfatherhadinventedthesteamboat.

StephanieKwolek—Kevlar

Kevlaristhelightweightfibreusedinbulletproofvests.Thematerialisusedbymillionseverydayandhassavedcountlesslives.Thesupertoughfabricisalsousedinobjectsrangingfromglovestoairplanes.Incredibly,itsstrength-to-weightratio（比强度）isfivetimeshigherthansteel.Again,itwasinventedbyawoman,theAmericanchemistStephanieKwolek,in1964.

GraceHopper—firstcompiler（编译程序）

Oneofthemostimportantinventionsofthe20thcenturymustsurelybethecomputerprogramme.Theworldofprogrammingisunbalancedintermsofgender.Menvastlyoutnumberwomen,andtakehomearound30%morepaythantheirfemalecounterpartsonaverage.Butbackinthe1940sand1950s,womenwereattheforefrontofthisnewfield.GraceHopperiscreditedwithinventingthefirstcompilerin1952,whichservesasthebridgebetweencodeandthebinary（二进制的）onesandzerosunderstoodbycomputers.

1.Whatdotheinventionsmentionedinthepassagehaveincommon?

A.Theirinventorsareallfemales.

B.Theywereallinventedinthe19thcentury.

C.Theywereinventedfortheconvenienceoftheinventors.

D.Theywerethemostimportantinventionsattheirtimes.

2.WhatdoweknowaboutJosephineCochrane?

A.Sheinventedthedishwasheraswellasthesteamboat.

B.Shewasgreatlyinspiredbyhergrandfather.

C.Ittroubledheralottowashdishesafterparties.

D.Sheinventedthedishwasherattherequestofherguests.

3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

A.Windscreenwiperscameoutearlierthandishwashers.

B.MaryAnderson’sinventionsavedcountlessdrivers’lives.

C.GraceHopperisapioneerincomputerprogramme.

D.Kevlarisfivetimeslighterthansteel.

【答案】1.A2.C3.C

【解析】文章介绍了四位伟大女性以及她们的发明。

【小题1】细节理解题。

根据前两位人物介绍中的人称代词she和第二位人物介绍中的Again,itwasinventedbyawoman以及第四位人物介绍中的womenwereattheforefrontofthisnewfield.GraceHopperiscreditedwithinventingthefirstcompilerin1952可知，每个发明者都是女性。

故A选项正确。

【小题2】推理判断题。

由“Asafrequenthost,shewantedamachinethatcouldwashdishesfasterthanpeople.”可知，她经常举行宴会，希望有一台可以快速洗盘子的机器。

由此可以推知，宴会后洗盘子给她带来了很大麻烦。

故C选项正确。

【小题3】推理判断题。

由最后一段中的 “GraceHopperiscreditedwithinventingthefirstcompilerin1952...”可知，GraceHopper于1952年发明了第一个编译程序。

由此可知她是计算机编程方面的先驱。

故C选项正确。

Passage3说明文|一款厨房设备——KitchenAid设备

Iloveourkitchen.It’soneofthemostusedpartsofourhome.About9yearsagoweupdatedourkitchenandgotallnewcollections.AtthetimeIdidn’treallydoalotofresearchonthefunctionsoftheequipmentandIreallywishIhad.ThereweresomanydifferentchoicesonthemarketandIendedupbuyingsomethatIdidn’treallylikeallthatmuchandnowthatit’stimetoupdatethemagain,I’llbemorecarefulwiththeonesIchoose.

I’vehadmyeyeonKitchenAidforawhile,especiallythenewKitchenAidequipmentatBestBuy.ThenewKitchenAidequipmentatBestBuyhasacook-likequalitywithoutthepremiumpricethatyoumightexpecttopay,soitwon’tcostyouafortune.Theequipmenthasaprofessionallyinspireddesignthatisaperfectbalanceofgoodtasteandfunctionality.

WiththenewKitchenAidequipmentyouwillfindcookingmoreoptionalandflexible,whichcontributestoyouramazingperformancewhilepreparingameal.Itsfive-doorfridgeoffersorganizedstorageandeasieraccesstofood.

IlovethesenewcollectionsandIcan’tthinkofabettertimetoupdateyourkitchenthanrightnow.becausewhenyoubuynowatBestBuyyouwillget18monthsfinancingor5%rewardsonmajorequipmentandfreedeliveryonpurchasesover$399.TolearnmoreabouthowtotransformyourkitchenwiththenewKitchenAidcollections,besuretovisitBestB.

8.Whatistheauthor’sregretforherlastupdateofthekitchen?

A.Shedidn’tbuythelatestequipment.

B.Shespentlittletimestudyinghowtheywork.

C.Shepurchasedsomethingshedidn’t