月份托福阅读真题及答案16页.docx

月份托福阅读真题及答案16页.docx

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月份托福阅读真题及答案16页

2019年11月份托福阅读真题及答案

要练说，先练胆。

说话胆小是幼儿语言发展的障碍。

不少幼儿当众说话时显得胆怯：

有的结巴重复，面红耳赤；有的声音极低，自讲自听；有的低头不语，扯衣服，扭身子。

总之，说话时外部表现不自然。

我抓住练胆这个关键，面向全体，偏向差生。

一是和幼儿建立和谐的语言交流关系。

每当和幼儿讲话时，我总是笑脸相迎，声音亲切，动作亲昵，消除幼儿畏惧心理，让他能主动的、无拘无束地和我交谈。

二是注重培养幼儿敢于当众说话的习惯。

或在课堂教学中，改变过去老师讲学生听的传统的教学模式，取消了先举手后发言的约束，多采取自由讨论和谈话的形式，给每个幼儿较多的当众说话的机会，培养幼儿爱说话敢说话的兴趣，对一些说话有困难的幼儿，我总是认真地耐心地听，热情地帮助和鼓励他把话说完、说好，增强其说话的勇气和把话说好的信心。

三是要提明确的说话要求，在说话训练中不断提高，我要求每个幼儿在说话时要仪态大方，口齿清楚，声音响亮，学会用眼神。

对说得好的幼儿，即使是某一方面，我都抓住教育，提出表扬，并要其他幼儿模仿。

长期坚持，不断训练，幼儿说话胆量也在不断提高。

Questions1-10

AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenth

century,itbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastandgrowingagriculturalhinterland.Marketdayssawthecrowdedcityevenmorecrowded,aslinefannersfromwithinaradiusof24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheep,cows,pigs, vegetables,cider,andotherproductsfordirectsaletothetownspeople.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuouslyenlargedthroughouttheperioduntil1736,whenitreachedfromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreetbetweenPineandCedar.ThenextyeartheCallowhillMarketbeganoperation.

Alongwithmarketdays,theinstitutionoftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphiaevenaftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.Thefairsprovidedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfromoutlyingplacesto

would-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown,forexample,

werepopularitems.

Auctionswereanotherpopularformofoccasionaltrade.Becauseofthecompetition,retailmerchantsopposedtheseaswellasthefairs.Although

governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessful,theordinarycourseofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants'side,asincreasingbusinessspecializationbecametheorderoftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterparts,andspecialtyshopsbegantoappearin additiontogeneralstoressellingavarietyofgoods.

OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia'smerchantsgenerallyprosperedwasbecausethe

surroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.

Theydidtheirbusiness,afterall,inthecapitalcityoftheprovince.Notonlydidthey

catertothegovernorandhiscircle,butcitizensfromalloverthecolonycametothecapitalforlegislativesessionsoftheassemblyandcouncilandthemeetingsofthe

courtsofjustice.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

（A）Philadelphia'sagricultureimportance

（B）Philadelphia'sdevelopmentasamarketingcenter

（C）ThesaleofimportedgoodsinPhiladelphia

（D）TheadministrationofthecityofPhiladelphia

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatnewmarketsopenedinPhiladelphiabecause

（A）theyprovidedmoremodemfacilitiesthanoldermarkets

（B）theHighStreetMarketwasforcedtoclose

（C）existingmarketswereunabletoservethegrowingpopulation

（D）farmerswantedmarketsthatwereclosertothefarms.

3.Theword"hinterland"inline3isclosestinmeaningto

（A）tradition

（B）association

（C）produce

（D）region

4.Theword"it"inline6refersto

（A）thecrowdedcity

（B）aradius

（C）theHighStreetMarket

（D）theperiod

5.Theword"persisted"inline9isclosestinmeaningto

（A）returned

（B）started

（C）declined

（D）continued

6.Accordingtothepassage,fairsinPhiladelphiawereheld

（A）onthesamedayasmarketsays

（B）asoftenaspossible

（C）acoupleoftimesayear

（D）wheneverthegovernmentallowedit

7.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthormentions"Linensandstockings"inline12toshowthattheywereitemsthat

（A）retailmerchantswerenotwillingtosell

（B）werenotavailableinthestoresinPhiladelphia

（C）weremorepopularinGermantownmaninPhiladelphia

（D）couldeasilybetransported

8.Theword"eradicate"inline16isclosestinmeaningto

（A）eliminate

（B）exploit

（C）organize

（D）operate

9.Whatdoestheauthormeanbystatinginline17that"economicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants'side"?

（A）Merchantshadastrongimpactoneconomicexpansion.

（B）Economicforcesallowedmerchantstoprosper.

（C）Merchantshadtoworktogethertoachieveeconomicindependence

（D）Specialtyshopsnearlargemarketsweremorelikelytobeeconomically

successful.

10.Theword"undergoing"inline22isclosestinmeaningto

（A）requesting

（B）experiencing

（C）repeating

（D）including

Questions11-22

Avicolturists,peoplewhoraisebirdsforcommercialsale,havenotyetlearned

howtosimulatethenaturalincubationofparroteggsinthewild.Theycontinue

tolookforbetterwaystoincreaseeggproductionandtoimprovechicksurvivalrates.

lineWhenparrotsincubatetheireggsinthewild,thetemperatureandhumidityofthe

（5） nestarecontrollednaturally.Heatistransferredfromthebird'sskintothetopportion

oftheeggshell,leavingthesidesandbottomoftheeggatacoolertemperature.This

temperaturegradientmaybevitaltosuccessfulhatching.Nestconstructioncan

contributetothistemperaturegradientNestsoflooselyarrangedsticks,rocks,ordirt

arecoolerintemperatureatthebottomwheretheeggcontactsthenestingmaterial.

（10）Suchnestsalsoactashumidityregulatorsbyallowingraintodrainintothebottom

sectionsofthenestsothattheeggsarenotindirectcontactwiththewater.Asthe

waterthatcollectsinthebottomofthenestevaporates,thewatervaporrisesandis

heatedbytheincubatingbird,whichaddssignificanthumiditytotheincubation

environment

（15）Inartificialincubationprograms,aviculturistsremoveeggsfromthenestsofparrots

andincubatethemunderlaboratoryconditions.Mostcommercialincubatorsheatthe

eggsfairlyevenlyfromtoptobottom,thusignoringthebird'smethodofnatural

incubation,andperhapsreducingtheviabilityandsurvivabilityofthehatchingchicks.

Whenincubatorsarenotused,aviculturistssometimessuspendwoodenboxesoutdoors

（20）touseasnestsinwhichtoplaceeggs.Inareaswhereweathercanbecomecoldafter

eggsarelaid,itisveryimportanttomaintainadeepfoundationofnestingmaterialto

actasinsulatoragainstthecoldbottomofthebox.Ifeggsrestagainstthewooden

bottominextremelycoldweatherconditions,theycanbecomechilledtoapointwhere

theembryocannolongersurvive.Similarly,theseboxesshouldbeprotectedfrom

（25）directsunlighttoavoidhightemperaturesthatarealsofataltothegrowingembryo.

Nestingmaterialshouldbeaddedinsufficientamountstoavoidbothextreme

temperaturesituationsmentionedaboveandassurethattheeggshaveasoft,secure

placetorest.

11.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

（A）Nestingmaterialvariesaccordingtothe

parrots'environment.

（B）Humidityisanimportantfactorin

incubatingparrots'eggs.

（C）Aviculturistshaveconstructedtheideal

nestboxforparrots.

（D）Wildparrots'nestsprovideinformation

usefulforartificialincubation.

12.Theword"They"inline2refersto

（A）aviculturists

（B）birds

（C）eggs

（D）rates

13.Accordingtoparagraph2,whenthe

temperatureofthesidesandbottomoftheegg

arecoolerthanthetop,then

（A）theremaybeagoodchancefor

successfulincubation

（B）theembryowillnotdevelopnormally

（C）theincubatingparentmovestheeggto

anewposition.

（D）theincubationprocessissloweddown

14.Accordingtoparagraph2,sticks,rocks,ordirtareusedto

（A）softenthebottomofthenestforthenewly

hatchedchick

（B）holdthenesttogether

（C）helplowerthetemperatureatthebottomof

thenest

（D）makethenestbigger

15.Accordingtoparagraph2,theconstructionofthenestallowswaterto

（A）provideabeneficialsourceofhumidity

inthenest

（B）loosenthematerialsatthebottomofthe

nest

（C）keepthenestinacleancondition

（D）touchthebottomoftheeggs

16.Allofthefollowingarepartofaparrot's

incubationmethodEXCEPT

（A）heatingthewatervaporasitrisesfromthe

bottomofthenest

（B）arrangingnestingmaterialatthebottomof

thenest

（C）transferringheatfromtheparenttothetop

oftheeggshell

（D）maintainingaconstanttemperatureonthe

eggshell

17.Theword"suspend"inline19isclosestin

meaningto

（A）build

（B）paint

（C）hang

（D）move

18.Theword"fatal"inline25isclosestin

meaningto

（A）close

（B）deadly

（C）natural

（D）hot

19.Theword"secure"inline27isclosestin

meaningto

（A）fiesh

（B）diy

（C）safe

（D）warm

20.Accordingtoparagraph3,adeepfoundationofnestingmaterialprovides

（A）aconstantsourceofhumidity

（B）astrongnestbox

（C）moreroomfornewlyhatchedchicks

（D）protectionagainstcoldweather

21.Whichofthefollowingisaproblemwith

commercialincubators?

（A）Theylackthenaturaltemperaturechanges

oftheoutdoors.

（B）Theyareunabletoheattheeggsevenly

（C）Theydonottransferheattotheegginthe

samewaytheparentbirddoes.

（D）Theyareexpensivetooperate.

22.Whichofthefollowingtermsisdefinedinthepassage?

（A）Aviculturists（lineI）

（B）Gradient（line8）

（C）Incubation（line15）

（D）Embryo（line24）

Questions23-33

Themineralparticlesfoundinsoilrangeinsizefrommicroscopicclayparticles

tolargeboulders.Themostabundantparticles—sand,silt,andclay—arethefocus

ofexaminationinstudiesofsoiltexture.Textureisthetermusedtodescribethe

linecompositesizesofparticlesinasoilsample,typicallyseveralrepresentativehandfuls.

（5） Tomeasuresoiltexture,thesand,silt,andclayparticlesaresortedoutbysizeand

weight.Theweightsofeachsizearethenexpressedasapercentageofthes