新概念第二册语法复习总结.docx
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新概念第二册语法复习总结
第二册语法总结
I.单数主语:
1.当every-,some-,any-,no-等构成的不定代词及each,either,neither作主语时,谓语动词为单数。
Someonehastoldmeaboutit.
Neitherofuslikesthefilm.
2.当every或each位于两个由连接词连接的单数主语前,谓语动词用单数。
(必记之要点!
)
Eachgirlandboyhasanickname.
Everymanandwomaniswelcome.
3.位于主谓之间的介词短语不影响谓语动词的数,谓语动词须和主语一致。
常见介词短语有:
inadditionto,togetherwith,aswellas,alongwith,but,except,etc.
(这是一几乎所有考试都不愿放过的重点。
)
Theteacheralongwithhisstudentsisgoingtotheparty.
Hisparentsaswellashiseldersisterhavecometoseehim.
II.复数主语:
1.当主语由and或both...and连接,通常采用复数谓语动词。
●Boththegirlandtheboyarehisfriends.
2.如主语是both,few或主语前有both,few,several,many等限定词时,谓语动词须用复数。
●Severalnovelshavebeenwrittenbyher.
●Bothgotthenewsatthesametime.
3.下列名词总是复数形式且谓语动词必须用复数。
trousers,pants(裤子),jeans,glasses,scissors(剪刀),tweezers(镊子),pliers(钳子),
scales(天平),compasses(圆规),etc.
●Thetrousersherearemine.
别忘了:
如果以上名词受“apairof”“thepairof”修饰时,谓语动词用单数。
Thepairofpantsistoodirty.
III.单、复数的灵活运用:
1.当主语由neither...nor,either...or,notonly...butalso或or连接时,谓语动词与nor,or,butalso后面的词一致,在英语语法中,这被称之为“就近原则”。
●NeitherhenorIamgoingtotheairport.
●NotonlyMarybutalsoherparentshavegoneabroad.
2.当主语前面有none,all,some,any,most,half,majority等词时,谓语动词则根据主语的具体情况而采用相应的单、复数。
Allofthemoneyhasbeeninthebank.(money是不可数名词)
Allofushavebeenhere.
3.“anumberof”是复数,修饰可数名词,谓语动词为复数,“thenumberof”也修饰复数名词,但谓语动词用单数。
(黄金要点!
!
)
●Anumberofstudentshavepassedtheexam.
●Thenumberofstudentsinthisclassis50.
IV.用作单数的复数形式主语:
1.如主语是指:
time,money,weight,volume,etc.虽为复数形式,但谓语用单数形式。
Twoyearsisashorttime.
Onehundreddollarsisneededbyme.
2.下列单词如:
physics,economics,mathematics,statistics,etc;measles,mumps,herpes,etc,news,ethics,politics,etc.为复数形式,但谓语动词用单数。
Statisticsisadullsubject.
Politicsisimportant.
3.书、报、杂志、电影的名称作主语,谓动用作单数。
TheNewYorkTimesisagoodnewspaper.
V.下列名词在形式上保持不变,但谓语动词的数取决于其意义:
1.family,team,class,committee,group,audience,faculty,etc.
Thefamilyisbig.(总体)
Hisf2.species,series,etc.
Thespeciesisrare.
Thesespeciesarecommon.
3.sheep,deer,etc.
Thesheepareeatinggrass.
Thesheepisbig.
VI.Chinese,English,French,etc指语言时,谓动是单数,如与"the"搭配,指人民时,谓语动词用复数。
Englishisusedwidely.
TheEnglishlovepeace.
VII.注意下列外来语的单复数形:
单数
basis
crisis
criterion(标准)
phenomenon
radius(半径)
alumnus(男校友)
datum(资料)
medium(媒体)
index(索引)
appendix(附录)
alga(海藻)
vita(生命)
复数
bases
crises
criteria
phenomena
radii
alumni
data
media
indices
appendices
algae
vitae
familyliketowatchTV.(家庭所有成员)
新概念英语第二册语法精粹二 基本句型
精要:
五种基本句型
1.主+谓(不及物动词)
Mancanthink.Thefireisburning.
不可忽视:
常用不及物动词有break, breathe, burn, smoke, swim, skate, appear, disappear, work,thinketc.
2.主+谓+表语(系动词)
Hebecameascientist.
Sheisgettingmoreandmorebeautiful.
不可忽视:
常用系动词:
be, get, turn, feel, seem, appear, looktaste, sound, smell, become,go, proveetc.
3.主+谓+宾(及物动词)
Welovepeace.
Theywillpaintthedoor.
常用动词有:
see, watch, need, love, like, study, answer, carry, etc.
4.主+谓+宾+宾补
Weelectedhimpresident.
Theypaintedthedoorwhite.
Iadvisedthestudentstorecitethetexts.
王牌重点:
常用作宾补的形式:
(请将每个例句大声朗读一遍)
(1)名词:
ThecouplenamedtheirbabyJohnson.
(2)形容词:
Ikeepthedooropen.
(3)副词:
Thenaughtyboyknockedthebottleover.
(4)不定式:
Heorderedhismentofire.
(5)分词:
Heheardmesinging.
Isawthevasebroken.
(6)介词短语:
Theylookonhimasateacher.
(7)名词性从句:
5.
(1)主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语
Myfriendboughtmeagift.
Ipassedhimthebook.
(2)主+谓+直宾+介词+间宾
Myfriendboughtagiftforme.
Ipassedthebooktohim.
忘记就意味着背叛→
常与介词for搭配的动词有:
buy, make, doget, play, call, choose, cook, fetch, find, keeporder,save, etc.
常与介词to搭配的动词有:
bring, give, grant, hand, pass, lend, offer, pay, promise, sell, send, show, each, tell, throw,write,etc.
一.不定式
1.定义:
具有名词、形容词及副词性质并具有时态、语态变化。
2.形式:
(以do为例)
主动语态 被动语态
一般时 todo tobedone
进行时 tobedoing
完成时 tohavedone tohavebeendone
完成进行时 tohavebeendoing
3.用法:
(1)用作主语:
TospeakgoodEnglishisnoteasy.
or:
ItisnoteasytospeakgoodEnglish.
(采用形式主语it以避免头重脚轻)
Ittookmeanhourtodothework.
(2)用作宾语:
Shedecidedtotaketheexamination.
Ihopetomeethimsoon.
(3)宾语补足语:
Theyexpectedustohelpthem.
Hewantshissontostudyhard.
金牌重点:
不定式作宾补,如谓语动词是感官动词,使役性动词(see,hear,notice,watch,make,have,let...),则不定式符号“to”须省略,但在被动语态中不能省。
Iheardthemsingintheclassroom.
Imadehercleantheroom.
ThegirlisheardtosinganEnglishsong.
(4)用作表语:
Toteachistolearn.
Hisjobistosellcars.
(5)用作状语,表示目的,结果。
WecometoschooltostudyEnglish.(目的)
=inorderto
Ihurriedtothestore,onlytofinditclosed.(结果)
(6)定语:
不定式短语作定语须位于名词之后。
Heaskedforapieceofpapertowriteiton.
=towriteitonthepieceofpaper.
Thepoormanhasnohousetolivein.
=toliveinthehouse.
Haveyouanythingtodo?
=todoanything
4.不定式的时态意义:
Sheseemstodanceverywell.(现在情况)
Sheseemstobedancinginthedancinghall.(正在进行)
Sheseemstohavedancedwell.(过去情况)
Haswashappytohavebeenstayingwithhisuncle.(动作持续一段时间)
5.不定式语态:
Thedoctorrecommendedhimtoairtheroom.
Thedoctorrecommendedtheroomtobeaired.
Sheexpectsthepolicetofindherbicycle.
Sheexpectsherbicycletobefoundbythepolice.
Shefeltabitpuzzledashehadaskedhersuchaquestion.
Shefeltabitpuzzledtohavebeenaskedsuchaquestion.
6.不定式否定形式:
nottodo...
Hegotupearlyinordernottomissthetrain.
动名词:
1.动名词定义:
具有名词性质,可在句中担任主语,宾语表语,定语,具有所有格作修饰语。
2.形式:
以do为例
doing→beingdone
havingdone→havingbeendone
3.用法:
(1)主语:
Savingiseasierthandoing.
Hiscomingherewillbeagreathelp.
Itisnousewaitinghere,hehasleft.
Itisnogoodsmoking.
Thereisnogettingalongwithhim.(简直无法和他相处)
……以上例句皆必须要背诵!
……
(2)表语:
Hisjobiskeepingthehallcleanaspossible.
Seeingisbelieving.
(3)宾语:
a.动词宾语:
Headmittedtakingthebook.
Idomindyoursmokinghere.
重磅要点,请读20遍:
下列动词须跟动名词作宾语:
admit, appreciate, avoid, complete, delay, deny, enjoy, fancy, finish, mind, practice, resent, risk, suggest, allow, permit...
特注:
以allow为例:
allow+doingsth(动名词作宾语)。
但可以:
Allowsbtodosth(不定式作宾补)。
这类动词常见如advise,allow,permit,recommend,etc.
b.作介词宾语:
Heleftwithoutsayinggoodbyetous.
I'mlookingforwardtomeetingyou.(to在这里是介词)
(4)定语:
readingroom swimmingpool walkingstick
4.动名词复合结构:
由名词所有格或物主代词与动名词构成。
Hisleavingisagreatloss.
Motherdislikesmy(me)workinglate.
John'shavingseenherdidnotmakeherworried.
注:
动名词复合结构多作主语或宾语,作主语是必须是所有格。
如上二例,但作宾语时可以用所有格,也可用普通格。
(解释得很拗口,请将例句看透即可!
)
5.动名词时态:
Iamthinkingofsettinganewdictionary.(以后)
HenevertalkedtomeabouthishavingbeeninParis.(以前)
6.动名词语态:
Hedoesn'tlikebeingflattered.
Iheardofhishavingbeenchosentobethecoachoftheteam.
7.动名词与不定式在用法上的几点比较:
(1)在begin,start,continue等词后用动名词或不定式区别不大。
Hebeganwriting/towritein1980.
(2)下列动词跟不定式或动名词所表示意义差别很大,注意使用。
(用心咀嚼!
)
Hestoppedtalking.停止讲话。
Hestoppedtotalk.停下来开始讲话。
Pleaseremembertoposttheletter.记住寄走这封信。
Irememberpostingtheletter.我记得寄出了这封信。
Iforgottolockthedooryesterday.昨天我忘记锁门了。
(未锁)
Iforgottellinghimthenews.我忘了我曾告诉过他这个消息。
(做过的事情忘记了)
分词
1.分词的性质:
具有形容词性质,可以在句中担任表语、定语、宾补、状语,现在分词表示主动,且动作在进行:
过去分词表示被动,或动作已完成。
2.分词的形式:
例:
write(vt) rise(vi)
主动语态 被动语态 主动 过去分词
时态
现在时 writing beingwritten rising risen /
完成时 havingwritten havingbeenwritten havingrisen /
3.分词的用法:
(1)定语 分词置于被修饰名词前
分词短语于置于被修饰名词后
asleepingbaby=ababywhoissleeping
arunningdog=adogwhichisrunning
abrokenglass=aglasswhichisbroken
abeatenteam=ateamwhichisbeaten(beaten是被打败的意思)
Thisistheproblemdiscussedatthelastmeeting.
Theproblembeingdiscussedisveryimportant.
(2)表语:
Thebookisinteresting.
Heisinterestedinthebook.
Thenewsisexciting.
Hefeelsexcited.
1.何时运用被动语态:
(1)强调动作的接受者:
AmericawasdiscoveredbyColumbus.
(2)不知谁是动作的执行者:
Youarewantedonthephone.
(3)作客观说明:
Itissaidthatthemeetinghasbeenputoff.(经典句型)
2.主动变被动的基本方法:
(说起来容易,掌握起来需要用心!
)
(1)主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
(2)谓语动词变为由“be+过去分词”的形式,配合时态作相应变化。
(3)主动语态主语置于介词by之后,如无必需,则省略。
(4)不及物动词没有被动语态。
现 在 do(does)→am/is/are+done
Wekeepthepianointheliving-room.
→Thepianoiskeptintheliving-room.
过 去 did→was/were+done
Theybuiltthebridgein1980.
→Thebridgewasbuiltin1980.
将 来 shall shall
willdo→will+be+done
Hewillreadthebooktomorrow.
→Thebookwillbereadtomorrow.
现在完成 have have
hasdone→has+been+done
Wehavedeliveredthenewspaper.
→Thenewspapershavebeendelivered(byus).
过去完成 haddone→hadbeendone
Shehadseenthefilmbeforeshecamehere.
→Thefilmhadbeenseenbeforeshecamehere.
将来完成 shall shall
willhavedone→willhave+been+done
Bytheendofthistermweshallhavefinished80texts.
→Bytheendofthisterm80textswillhavebeenfinished.
现在进行 am am
isdoing→is+being+done
are are
Theyaredrawingthepicture.
→Thepictureisbeingdrawnbythem.
过去进行 wasdoing→was+being+done
were were
Hewasreviewingtheirlessonsatthismomentyesterday.
→Theirlessonswerebeingreviewedatthismomentyesterday.
情态动词 may may
can