全球商务专业词汇中英文对照.docx
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全球商务专业词汇中英文对照
1.全球化的商务活动
国际商务:
(internationalbusiness)
跨国企业:
(multinationalenterprise)
对外直接投资:
(foreigndirectinvestment)
全球商务:
(globalbusiness)
新兴经济体:
(emergingeconomies)
新兴市场:
(emergingmarkets)
国内生产总值:
(grossdomesticproduct)
购买力评价法:
(purchasingpowerparity)
三大经济体:
(triad)
金字塔底层:
(baseofthepyramid)
反向创新:
(reverseinnovation)
外派经理:
(expatriatemanager)
跨国补贴:
(internationalpremium)
外商劣势:
(liabilityofforeignness)
全球化:
(globalization)
风险管理:
(riskmanagement)
情景规划:
(scenarioplanning)
半全球化:
(semiglobalization)
非政府组织:
(nongovernmentqrganization)
2.理解政治、法律和经济
制度:
(institutions)
制度转型:
(institutionaltransitions)
制度基础观:
(institution-basedview)
制度框架:
(institutionalframework)
正式的制度:
(formalinstitutions)
规章支柱:
(regulatorypillar)
非正式制度:
(informalinstitutions)
规范支柱:
(normativepillar)
认知支柱:
(cognitivepillar)
交易成本:
(transactioncosts)
机会主义:
(opportunism)
有限理性:
(boundedrationality)
政治体制:
(politicalsystem)
民主制:
(democracy)
集权制:
(totalitarianism)
政治风险:
(politicalrisk)
法律体系:
(legalsystem)
大陆法:
(civillaw)
普通法:
(commonlaw)
神权法:
(theocraticlaw)
智力资产:
(intellectualproperty)
知识产权:
(intellectualpropertyrights)
国有企业:
(state-ownedenterprise)
道德风险:
(moralhazard)
专利:
(patent)
版权:
(copyright)
商标:
(trademark)
盗版:
(priracy)
经济体制:
(economicsystem)
市场经济体制:
(marketeconomy)
计划经济体制:
(commandeconomy)
混合经济体制:
(mixedeconomy)
主权财富基金:
(sovereignwealthfund)
3.重视文化、道德和规范
民族中心主义:
(ethnocentrism)
社会结构:
(socialstructure)
社会分层:
(socialstratification)
社会流动性:
(socialmobility)
低语境文化:
(low-contextculture)
权利距离:
(powerdistance)
个人主义:
(individualism)
集体主义:
(collectivism)
文明:
(civilization)
族群:
(cluster)
男性特征:
(masculinity)
女性特征:
(femininity)
不确定性规避:
(uncertaintyavoidance)
长期导向:
(long-termorientation)
道德:
(ethics)
行为准则:
(codeofconduct)
道德相对主义:
(ethicalrelativism)
道德帝国主义:
(ethicalimperialism)
腐败:
(corruption)
文化智慧:
(culturalintelligence)
《反海外腐败法》:
(ForeignCorruptPracticesAct)
4.在全球利用能力
资源基础观:
(resource-basedview)
SWOT分析:
(SWOTanalysis)
资源:
(resources)
能力:
(capability)
价值链:
(valuechain)
基准分析法:
(benchmarking)
商品化:
(commoditization)
外包:
(outsourcing)
离岸经营:
(offshoring)
近岸经营:
(onshoring)
圈养资源:
(captivesourcing)
因果模糊:
(causalambiguity)
辅助资产:
(complementaryassets)
社会复杂性:
(socialcomplementary)
VRIO框架:
(VRIOframework)
有形的资源与能力:
(tangibleresourcesandcapabilities)
无形的资源与能力:
(intangibleresourcesandcapabilities)
原始设备制造商:
(originalequipmentmanufacturer)
原始设计制造商:
(originaldesignmanufacturer)
原始品牌制造商:
(originalbrandmanufacturer)
5.国际贸易
贸易逆差:
(tradedeficit)
贸易顺差:
(tradesurplus)
贸易平衡:
(balanceoftrade)
古典贸易理论:
(classicaltradetheories)
现代贸易理论:
(moderntradetheories)
重商贸易理论:
(theoryofmercantilism)
保护主义:
(protectionism)
自由贸易:
(freetrade)
绝对优势理论:
(theoryofabsoluteadvantage)
比较优势:
(comparativeadvantage)
绝对优势:
(absoluteadvantage)
机会成本:
(opportunitycost)
要素禀赋:
(factorendowments)
要素禀赋理论:
(factorendowmentstheory)
先动者优势:
(first-moveradvantage)
钻石理论:
(diamondtheory)
资源可流动性:
(resourcemobility)
关税壁垒:
(tariffbarrier)
进口关税:
(importtariff)
净损失成本:
(dead-weightcosts)
非关税壁垒:
(nontariffbarrier)
补贴:
(subsidies)
进口配额:
(importquota)
自愿出口限制:
(voluntaryexportrestraint)
当地含量要求:
(localcontentrequirement)
行政管理政策:
(administrativepolicy)
反倾销税:
(antidumpingduty)
幼稚产业观点:
(infantindustryargument)
贸易禁令:
(tradeembargo)
国家产业竞争优势理论:
(theoryofnationalcompetitiveadvantageofindustries)
战略性贸易理论:
(strategictradetheory)
产品生命周期理论:
(productlifecycletheory)
战略性贸易政策:
(strategictradepolicy)
6.对外直接投资
对外证券投资:
(foreignportfolioinvestment)
管理控制权:
(managementcontrolrights)
欧力优势:
(OLIadvantages)
所有权:
(ownership)
区位:
(location)
内部化:
(internalization)
扩散风险:
(disseminationrisks)
积聚效应:
(agglomeration)
知识溢出:
(knowledgespillover)
市场失败:
(marketfailure)
激进观点:
(radicalviewonFDI)
市场的不完善:
(marketimperfection)
自由市场观点:
(freemarketviewonFDI)
实用民族主义:
(pragmaticnationalism)
技术溢出:
(technologyspillover)
示范效用:
(demonstrationeffect)
议价能力:
(bargainingpower)
沉没成本:
(sunkcost)
议价能力衰减:
(obsolescingbargain)
感染和模仿效应:
(contagionorimitationeffect)
水平对外直接投资:
(horizontalFDI)
垂直对外直接投资:
(verticalFDI)
上游垂直对外直接投资:
(upstreamverticalFDI)
下游垂直对外直接投资:
(downstreamverticalFDI)
对外直接投资流量:
(FDIflow)
对外直接投资存量:
(FDIstock)
7.外汇交易
外汇汇率:
(foreignexchangerate)
升值:
(appreciation)
贬值:
(depreciation)
国际收支平衡:
(balanceofpayments)
浮动汇率制:
(floatingexchangeratepolicy)
自由浮动:
(cleanfloat)
有管理的浮动:
(dirtyfloat)
目标汇率:
(targetexchangerates)
爬行带:
(crawlingbands)
固定汇率制:
(fixedexchangeratepolicy)
盯住:
(peg)
顺风车效应:
(bandwagoneffect)
资本外逃:
(capitalflight)
金本位制:
(goldstandard)
兑换中介:
(commondenominator)
配额:
(quota)
外汇市场:
(foreignexchangemarket)
即期交易:
(spottransaction)
远期交易:
(foreigntransaction)
货币套期保值:
(currencyhedging)
远期贴水:
(forwarddiscount)
远期升水:
(forwardpremium)
货币互换:
(currencyswap)
最低报价:
(offerrate)
买入价:
(bidrate)
价差:
(spread)
外汇风险:
(currencyrisk)
战略性对冲:
(strategicheadging)
货币局制度:
(currencyboard)
布雷顿森林体系:
(BrettonWoodsSystem)
国际货币基金组织:
(InternationalMonetaryFund)
8.全球与区域一体化
多边贸易体制:
(multilateraltradingsystem)
非歧视性:
(non-discrimination)
自由贸易区:
(freetradearea)
关税同盟:
(customsunion)
共同市场:
(commonmarket)
经济联盟:
(economicunion)
货币联盟:
(monetaryunion)
政治联盟:
(politicalunion)
区域经济一体化:
(regionaleconomicintegration)
全球经济一体化:
(globaleconomicintegration)
9.进入外国市场
区位优势:
(location-specificadvantages)
文化距离:
(culturaldistance)
制度差异:
(institutionaldistance)
先动者优势:
(first-moveradvantages)
后动者优势:
(late-moveradvantages)
进入规模:
(scaleofentry)
进入模式:
(modeofentry)
非股权模式:
(non-equitymode)
股权模式:
(equitymode)
交钥匙工程:
(turnkeyproject)
研发合同:
(R&Dcontract)
联合营销:
(co-marketing)
合资企业:
(jointventure)
全资子公司:
(whollyownedsubsidiary)
绿地运营:
(greenfieldoperation)
10.创业型企业
中小型企业:
(smallandmedium-sized)
创业:
(entrepreneurship)
创业者:
(entrepreneurs)
国际创业:
(internationalentrepreneurship)
风险投资者:
(venturecapitalist)
小额信贷:
(microfinance)
天生国际企业:
(bornglobal)
直接出口:
(directexport)
信用证:
(letterofcredit)
许可证:
(licensing)
特许经营:
(franchising)
间接出口:
(indirectexport)
出口中介:
(exportintermediary)
连续创业者:
(serialentrepreneur)
阶段模型:
(stagemodel)
11.联盟与收购
战略联盟:
(strategicalliances)
契约性联盟:
(contractualalliances)
基于股权联盟:
(equity-basedalliances)
战略性投资:
(stragicinvestment)
交叉持股:
(cross-shareholding)
收购:
(acquisition)
合并:
(merger)
尽职调查:
(duediligence)
实物期权:
(realoption)
学习竞赛:
(learningrace)
关系能力:
(relationalcapability)
收购溢价:
(acquisitionpremium)
战略匹配:
(strategicfit)
组织匹配:
(organizationalfit)
干中学:
(learningbydoing)
过度自信:
(hubris)
管理动机:
(managerialmotives)
12.管理动态竞争
动态竞争:
(competitivedynamics)
竞争者分析:
(competitoranalysis)
合谋:
(collusion)
隐性合谋:
(tacitcollusion)
显性合谋:
(explicitcollusion)
反托拉斯法:
(anti-trustlaw)
囚徒困境:
(prisoners’dilemma)
博弈论:
(gametheory)
集中度:
(concentrationratio)
价格领袖:
(priceleader)
惩罚能力:
(capacitytopunish)
市场共通性:
(marketcommonality)
多市场竞争:
(multimarketcompetition)
相互容忍:
(mutualforbearance)
跨市场报复:
(cross-marketretaliation)
竞争政策:
(competitionpolicy)
串通定价:
(collusiveprisesetting)
掠夺性定价:
(predatorypricing)
倾销:
(dumping)
反倾销法:
(antidumpinglaw)
资源相似性:
(resourcesimilarity)
攻击:
(attack)
反击:
(counterattack)
蓝海战略:
(blueoceanstrategy)
防御者:
(defender)
扩展者:
(extender)
躲避者:
(dodger)
竞争者:
(contender)
13.战略与结构
地区调适:
(localresponsiveness)
母国复制战略:
(homereplicationstrategy)
当地化战略:
(localizationstrategy)
卓越中心:
(centresofexcellence)
全球托管:
(worldwidemandate)
跨国战略:
(transnationaldivisionstrategy)
国际部结构:
(internationaldivision)
地理区域结构:
(geographicareastructure)
全球矩阵结构:
(globalmatrix)
组织文化:
(organizationalculture)
知识管理:
(knowledgemanagement)
显性知识:
(explicitknowledge)
隐性知识:
(tacitknowledge)
开放式创新:
(openinnovation)
全球虚拟团队:
(globalvirtualteam)
吸收能力:
(absorptivecapacity)
社会资本:
(socialcapital)
子公司主导:
(subsidiaryinitiative)
全球客户结构:
(globalaccountstructure)
整合-响应模型:
(integration-responsivenessframework)
全球标准化战略:
(globalstandardizationstrategy)
国家或区域经理:
(countrymanager)
全球产品部结构:
(globalproductdivisionstructure)
微观-宏观联系:
(mocro-macrolink)
基于解决方案的结构:
(solutions-basedstructure)
14.公司治理
融资:
(financing)
公司治理:
(corporategovernance)
股权:
(equity)
股东:
(shareholder)
债务:
(debt)
债券:
(bond)
债券持有人:
(bond-holder)
违约:
(default)
资本成本:
(costofcapital)
跨境上市:
(cross-listing)
集中的所有权及控制权:
(concentratedownershipandcontrol)
所有权分散:
(diffusedownership)
所有权和控制权相分离:
(separationofownershipandcontrol)
首席执行官:
(chiefexecutiveofficer)
高管团队:
(topmanagementteam)
代理关系:
(agencyrelationship)
委托人:
(principal)
代理人:
(agent)
代理理论:
(agencytheory)
委托-代理冲突:
(principal-agentconflicts)
代理成本:
(agencycosts)
信息不对称:
(informationasymmetries)
委托-委托冲突:
(principal-principalconflicts)
剥削:
(expropriation)
挖墙脚:
(tunneling)
关联交易:
(relatedtransaction)
内部董事:
(insidedirector)
外部董事:
(outsidedirector)
CEO兼任:
(CEOduality)
基于话语的机制:
(voice-basedmechanisms)
基于退出的机制:
(exit-basedmechanisms)
私募股权:
(privateequity)
杠杆收购:
(leveragedbuyout)
股东型资本主义:
(shareholdercapitalism)
管理人力资本:
(managerialhumancapital)
管家理论:
(stewardshiptheory)
15.公司社会责任
公司社会责任:
(corporatesocialresponsibility)
利益相关者:
(stakeholder)
三重底线:
(triplebottomline)
反应性战略:
(reactivestrategy)
防御性战略:
(defensivestrategy)
适应性战略:
(accommodativestrategy)
行为准则:
(codesofconduct)
前瞻性战略:
(proactivestrategy)
全球可持续发展:
(globalsustainability)
首要利益相关者群体:
(primarystakeholdergroups)
次要利益相关者群体:
(secondarystakeholdergroups)