细胞生物学.docx

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细胞生物学.docx

细胞生物学

第五章IntracellularCompartments:

细胞内的区域

一.名词解释

Compartmentalization:

区分,划分;

prokaryoticandeukaryoticcells:

原核细胞和真核细胞

Eucaryoticcellsaresubdividedintofunctionallydistinct,membrane-enclosedcompartments(organelles).真核细胞由膜分割成不同的区域(细胞器)

secretoryvesicles:

分泌小泡

endosome:

内体,

peroxisome:

过氧化物酶体

freepolyribosomes:

游离多聚核糖

cytosol:

细胞溶质

lysomsome:

溶酶体

Golgiapparatus:

高尔基体

mitochondrion:

线粒体

endoplasmicreticulumwithmembrane-boundpolyribosomes:

内质网和与膜结合的多聚核糖体

nucleus:

细胞核

plasmamembrane:

质膜

Cytoplasmicmatrix(Cytosol):

细胞质基质

TheCytosolisthesiteofproteinsynthesisanddegradationormodification.Italsoperformsmostofthecell’sintermediarymetabolism.:

细胞质是蛋白质合成和降解或修饰的位点。

它还执行大多数细胞的中间代谢

EndomembraneSystem:

内膜系统

Endoplasmicreticulum(ER),Golgicomplex,endosomes,lysosome,andvesiclesfunctionasacoordinatedunit.:

内质网(ER),高尔基复合体,核内体,溶酶体,囊泡,充当一个协调单元。

Othermembranousorganelles:

mitochondria,chloroplasts,peroxisomes,andthenucleus.:

其他膜质细胞器:

线粒体,叶绿体,过氧化物酶体和细胞核中。

exocytosis:

胞吐Endocytic:

内吞

secretorygranule:

分泌小泡

DynamicNatureoftheEndomembraneSystem:

内膜系统的动态性质

Biosynthetic:

生物合成

二.五种检验分泌蛋白分泌途径的方法:

1.Autoradiography:

放射自显影:

其原理是将放射性同位素(如14C和3H)标记的化合物导入生物体内,经过一段时间后,将标本制成切片或涂片,涂上卤化银乳胶,经一定时间的放射性曝光,组织中的放射性即可使乳胶感光。

然后经过显影、定影处理显示还原的黑色银颗粒,即可得知标本中标记物的准确位置和数量,放射自显影的切片还可再用染料染色,这样便可在显微镜下对标记上放射性的化合物进行定位或相对定量测定。

这种技术与电镜样品处理,则为电镜放射自显影。

2.SubcellularFractionation:

亚细胞分离

Homogenization:

同质化

DifferentialCentrifugation:

差速离心

Microsome:

aheterogeneouscollectionofvesiclesformedfromtheendomembranesystem(primarilyERandGolgicomplex)afterhomogenization.:

微粒:

均化后,从内膜系统(主要是ER和高尔基体复合物)形成的囊泡的异构集合

3.GFP:

绿色荧光蛋白YFP:

黄色荧光蛋白CFP:

CyanFluorescentProtein青色荧光电白

4.Cell-FreeSystem:

无细胞系统

Fractionatedcellhomogenatethatretainsaparticularbiologicalfunctionoftheintactcell,andinwhichbiochemicalreactionsandcellprocessescanbemoreeasilystudied.:

分级分离细胞匀浆保留了完整的细胞的特定的生物学功能,且其中生化反应和细胞过程可以更容易地分析。

5.GeneticMutants:

基因突变

RERiscontinuouswiththeoutermembraneofthenuclearenvelope.:

粗面内质网与细胞核外膜相连。

ribosome;核糖体

interconnected相连的,(RERandSERareinterconnected滑面内质网和粗面内质网)

A.FunctionsoftheSER滑面内质网的功能

1.™Synthesisofsteroidsinendocrinecells.在内分泌细胞类固醇的合成

2.™Detoxificationoforganiccompoundsinlivercells.在肝细胞中合成解毒物质™

3.Releaseofglucosefromglucose6-phosphateinlivercellsbytheenzymeglucose6-phosphatase.在肝细胞内通过酶(葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶)从葡萄糖-6-磷酸释放葡萄糖。

4.™SequesteringCa2+withinthecytoplasmofskeletalandcardiacmusclecells.Ca2+-ATPase:

螯合钙离子骨骼肌和心肌细胞的细胞质内。

的Ca2+-ATP酶

B.FunctionsoftheRER粗面内质网的功能

™1.ProteinssynthesizedonribosomesofrERinclude:

secretoryproteins:

分泌蛋白.integralmembraneproteins.:

整合膜蛋白

solubleproteinsoforganelles.:

细胞器的可溶蛋白

™2.Modificationandprocessingofnewlysynthesizedproteins:

glycosylationintheRER糖基化的粗面内质网

Theprecursoroligosaccharide(14sugars),whichistransferredenbloctoproteinsinER,isthesameinplants,animals,andsingle-celledeukaryotes.

N-linkage:

N-连接

N-linkage:

linkedtotheamidenitrogenofasparagine(inER).连接在天冬酰胺的N上面

O-linkage:

linkedtothehydroxylgroupofserineorthreonineviaGalNac(inGolgicomplex)苏氨酸或丝氨酸

™Qualitycontrolofofnewlysynthesizedproteins---TheroleofN-linkedglycosylationinERproteinfolding:

新合成的蛋白质的质量控制---N-连接糖基化的内质网蛋白折叠中的作用

Qualitycontrol:

ensuringthatmisfoldedproteinsdonotleaveER:

保证错误折叠的蛋白质不离开内质网

ThelumenofRERcontains:

Bipandcalnexin(chaperones)thatrecognizeandbindtounfoldedormisfoldedproteinsandgivethemcorrectconformation.Proteindisulfideisomerase(PDI)粗面内质网内部有Bip和钙连接蛋白(伴侣),识别并整合到为折叠或者折叠错误的蛋白上,给他们正常的构象,蛋白质二硫键异构酶(PDI)

GT(glucosyl-transferase,monitoringenenzyme)recognizeunfoldedormisfoldedproteinsandaddsaglucosetotheendofoligosaccharidechains.GT(葡糖基转移酶,监测酶)识别未折叠或错误折叠的蛋白质,并添加了葡萄糖的寡糖链的末端。

AModeloftheMammalianUnfoldedProteinResponse:

(UPR)哺乳动物的未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)的模型

InactiveSensors(BIP-boundERtransmembraneproteins):

传感器处于非活动状态(BIP结合ER跨膜蛋白)

ActivatedSensors(dimers)andBIPaschaperones:

激活传感器(二聚体)和BIP作为分子伴侣

Phosphorylationofonetypeofsensorandactivationofothertypeofsensorbycleavageofthecytosolicdomain,anddiffusionintonucleus:

一种类型的传感器和激活的细胞内结构域的裂解其它类型的传感器,并扩散进入细胞核的磷酸化

Signalsthataretransmittedintoboththenucleusandcytosol被发送到这两个细胞核和细胞质中的信号

™Synthesisofmembranelipids膜脂质的合成

MostmembranelipidsaresynthesizedentirelywithintheER.Therearetwoexceptions:

大多数膜脂质在内质网合成有两个例外

(1)Sphingomyelinandglycolipids(ERtoGolgicomplex).鞘磷脂和糖脂(ER到高尔基复合体)

(2)Someoftheuniquelipidsofthemitochondrialandchloroplastmembranes.一些线粒体和叶绿体膜的独特脂质

Themembranesofdifferentorganelleshavemarkedlydifferentlipidscomposition.不同的细胞器的膜具有明显不同的脂质成分。

MembranebiosynthesisintheERMembranegrowasnewlysynthesizedproteinsandlipidsareinsertedintoexistingmembraneintheERandmovetovirtuallyeveryothercompartmentsinthecell.在内质网中合成的脂质和蛋白质插在内质网的膜上随着内质网膜的移动运送的细胞各处

Modifyingthelipidcompositionofmembranes修饰膜的脂质组成

(1)Enzymaticmodificationoftheheadgroupsofphospholipids.头部基团的磷脂的酶改性。

(2)Differentcomponentsinvesicles.不同成分的囊泡

(3)Phospholipid-transferproteins(phospholipidtranslocators).磷脂转移蛋白

1.Flippase2,。

Floppase3.Scramblase

4.TheGolgiComplex

A.ThepolarityofGolgicomplex高尔基复合体的极性

cisFace:

entryfaceclosesttotheER.靠近内质网cisGolginetwork(CGN):

interconnectednetworkoftubules.微管

transFace:

exitfacefarthestfromtheER.远离内质网transGolginetwork(TGN):

interconnectednetworkoftubulesandvesiclesthatsortsandtargetsproteinsfordeliverytotheirultimatedestination.微管和囊泡进行排序和目标蛋白质运送到最终目的地的互连网络。

cis,medial,andtranscisternae

Cisternae:

flattenedmembrane-boundcompartment.

a)Reducedosmiumtetroxide(OsO4)impregnatestheciscisternae.b)EnzymemannosidaseIIislocalizedinthemedialcisternae.c)Enzymenucleosidediphosphataseislocalizedinthetranscisternae.

RegionaldifferencesinmembranecompositionacrosstheGolgistack

B.TheFunctionsofGolgicomplex

™GlycosylationintheGolgicomplex.

Assemblyofcarbohydratecomponentofglycoproteinsandglycolipids.•ThecorecarbohydrateofN-linkedoligosaccharidesisassembledintherER.ModificationstoN-linkedoligosaccharidesarecompletedintheGolgicomplex.•O-linkedoligosaccharidestakesplaceinGolgicomplex.

™TheGolginetworksareprocessingandsortingstationswhereproteinsaremodified,segregatedandthenshippedindifferentdirections.

™TransportwithintheGolgiapparatus---Cisternalmaturationmodelandvesiculartransportmodel

5.LysosomesA.CharacteristicsofLysosomes

①Lysosomeisaheterogenousorganelle

PrimarylysosomesSecondarylysosomesHeterophagyAutophagyResidualbody

Histochemicalvisualizationoflysosomes.Electronmicrographsoftwosectionsofacellstainedtorevealthelocationofacidphosphatase,amarkerenzymeforlysosomes.Thelargermembrane-boundedorganelles,containingdenseprecipitatesofleadphosphate,arelysosomes,whosediversemorphologyreflectsvariationsintheamountandnatureofthematerialtheyaredigesting.

②Lysosomescontainacidhydrolasesthatcandigestvirtuallyeverytypeofbiologicalmacromolecule.Markerenzyme:

acidphosphatase

③Lysosomemembrane:

H+-pumps:

internalprotonconcentrationiskepthighbyH+-ATPase.Glycosylatedproteinsprotectthelysosomefromself-digestion.Transportproteins:

transportingdigestedmaterials.

ProteinslabeledwithapH-sensitivefluorescentprobe(fluorescein)andthenendocytosedbycellscanbeusedtomeasurethepHinendosomesandlysosomes.ThedifferentcolorsreflectthepHthatthefluorescentprobeencountersintheseorganelles.ThepHinlysosomes(red)isabout5,whilethepHinvarioustypesofendosomes(blueandgreen)rangesfrom5.5to6.5.(CourtesyofFredMaxfieldandKennethDunn.)

TheLowpHinLysosomesandEndosomes

B.TheFunctionsofLysosomes™Lysosomesareinvolvedinthreemajorcellfunctions①phagocytosis;②autophagy;③endocytosis

Primarylysosomesfusewitheitherphagocyticorautophagicvesicles,formingresidualbodiesthateitherundergoexocytosisorareretainedinthecellaslipofuscingranules.

TheAutophagicPathway

6.TheCellNucleus

A.ATypicalNonmitoticNucleusIncludesSeveralMajorComponents

B.TheNuclearEnvelopeConsistsofTwoMembranes

C.TheNuclearLamina

Theinnersurfaceofthenuclearenvelopeislinedbythenuclearlamina,whichprovidesthemechanicalsupporttothenuclearenvelopandservesasasiteofattachmentforchromatinfibersatthenuclearperiphery.

Thenuclearlaminaiscomposedoflamins.

Theintegrityofthenuclearlaminaisregulatedbyphosphorylationanddephosphorylation

D.TheNuclearPoreComplex(NPC)

TheArrangementofNPCsintheNuclearEnvelope

AModelofAVertebrateNPC

TheCytoplasmicFaceofNPC

TheNuclearFaceofNPC

Moleculesenterandexitthenucleusthroughnuclearporecomplex

 

第一章:

细胞生物学CellBiology

Whatarethefundamentalpropertiesthatcharacterizelivingthingsanddistinguishthemfromnonlivingmatter?

AlllivingthingsaremadeofCells

Chapter1

TheDevelopmentofCell

TheRealizationoftheImportanceofCellsastheStructuralUnitofLife

1.TheDiscoveryofCells

TheInventionofMicroscope

ThemicroscopeusedbyRobertHookeandthehoneycomb-likenetworkof“cell”hedrawedin1665.

In1665,RobertHookesawanetworkoftinyboxlikecompartmentsthatremindedhimofahoneycomb.Hecalledtheselittlecompartments“cellulae”,aLatintermmeaninglittleroom.Itisfromthiswordwegetourpresent-dayterm,cell.TheDiscoveryofCells

2.CellTheory

1.Allorganismsarecomposedofoneormorecells.

2.Thecellisthebasicunitofstructureandfunctionforallorganisms.

3.Allcellsariseonlyfrompreexistingcellsbydivision.2.细胞理论

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