开发信息系统外文翻译.docx

开发信息系统外文翻译.docx

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开发信息系统外文翻译

毕业论文（设计）

外文翻译

DevelopingInformationSystems

Inthisandthefollowingchapters,wewilldiscussdifferentapproachesconcerninghowanorganizationcanobtainitsinformationsystemsoncethedecisioninfavorofasystemhasbeenmade.

Whilechapter7willdealwithbuyingandintroducingsoftwarethatwasdevelopedbyothers,inparticularstandardsoftware,thefocusinthischapterisonhowtobuildcompletelynewinformationsystemsornewmodulesthatextendexistinginformationsystemswithinanorganization.By"newmodules"wemeanthatsignificantdevelopmenteffortisrequiredinorderfortheprojecttopassallstagesofthesoftwaredevelopmentprocess.

Incontrasttothis,limitedextensionsofarunninginformationsystemareconsideredpartofthemaintenanceandsupportstages.Addingfunctionalitytoanewstandardsoftwaresystemwillbediscussedinchapter7,aspartofthecustomizingprocess.

Theperspectivetakeninthischapteristhatthestartingpointforthedevelopmenteffortisanapprovedprojectproposal（cf.section2.2.1）;

i.e.,amanagerialleveldecisiontolaunchaprojectforbuildingasysteminhousehasbeenmade.Ifnorestrictionsexisted,wecouldsaythattheprojectstartsfromscratch.Intherealworld,however,suchrestrictionsoftenlimitthedegreesoffreedomsubstantially.

4.1StartingwithaProblemSpecification

Constraintsthatanewinformationsystemdevelopmenteffortmayneedtoobserveincludethefollowing:

–Theexistinginformationsystemslandscapehastobeconsidered.Mostlikelythenewsystemwillneedtobeinterfacedwiththecompany'sERPsystemandotherinformationsystems.

–Theplatformonwhichthenewsystemwillrunisprobablyoutsidethescopeoftheproject.Ifthecompany'sexistingsystemsareallbasedonIBMWebSphere,forexample,thenitisunlikelythatadifferentplatformwillbechosenforanewsystemwhichneedstobeintegrated.

–Dependingonhowcloselythesystemistobeconnectedwithexistingsystems,itsarchitecturemayalreadybepredetermined,i.e.,itmayhavetomatchthearchitectureoftheothersystems.

–Manyprojectshavetorununderatightbudgetandmeagerstaffing,limitingthepossibilitiesofwhatcanbedone.

Despitetheseconstraints,thedevelopmentofnewinformationsystemsoffersawidearrayofoptionsandfewerlimitationsthancustomizationprojects.

Anydevelopmentprojectneedsaspecificationoftheproblemstobetackled.Theprojectproposalcontainsaproblemdescription,butthisdescriptionisusuallyjustawrittentextfortheapprovalprocess,toocoarseandnotoperationalenoughtoidentifyrelevantdevelopmenttasks.Forthispurpose,amoreformalizedhigh-levelspecificationofthefuturesystemisrequired.

Severalapproachestodefinesuchhigh-levelspecificationshaveemergedinthepast.Withbusinessprocessesnowadaysbeingthedominatingparadigmforrunningorganizations,thishigh-leveldescriptionoftheISneedsisusuallyadescriptionofabusinessprocessorasub-process.

Theprocessspecificationcouldsimplybeatextualdescriptionofthemajorprocessstepsandtheresourcesinvolved.Sincesemi-formalspecificationshaveadvantagesovertext,variousgraphicalnotationstospecifyabusinessprocessonahighlevelhavecomeintoexistenceovertheyears,includingthefollowing:

»ContextdiagramsinSA（structuredanalysis）[Yourdon1989,p.339]

»Activityanduse-casediagramsinUML（unifiedmodelinglan¬guage）

»Event-drivenprocesschainsinARIS（architectureofintegratedinformationsystems）[Scheer2005]

»BusinessprocessdiagraminBPMN（businessprocessmanage¬mentnotation）

Figure4-1showsjustonepossiblewayofvisualizingabusinesspro¬cess.Asmanynotationsforbusiness-processmodelingexist,thegraphicalconstructsvary.Besideshigh-leveldiagrams,allapproachescompriseasuiteofgraphicalsymbolswithappropriatesemanticsaswellasmethodsandtoolsfordifferentaspectsofmodelingandcon¬struction.Asaprocessisincreasinglyrefined,moresymbolsandmoremeaningsareaddedtothehigh-levelrepresentation.Sincemethodsand

toolswillbediscussedinthefollowingchapter,wedonotintroducemorenotationsatthispoint.

4.2ProcessModelsandISDParadigms

Assumingthatanoperationalproblemspecificationhasbeencreated,developmentoftheinformationsystemcanstart.Therearemanywaystoconductthedevelopmenteffort.Templatesarrangingdevelopmentactivitiesintoaspecifiedorderarecalledsoftwareprocessmodels.（Notethattheterm"process"refersheretosoftwaredevelopmentactivitiesandnottobusinessprocessesasabove.）Thistermcanbedefinedasfollows:

Asoftwareprocessmodelisanorderedsetofactivitieswithasso¬ciatedresultsthatareconductedintheproductionandevolutionofsoftware.Itisanabstractrepresentationofatype