网球在中西方的发展差异毕业设计.docx

网球在中西方的发展差异毕业设计.docx

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网球在中西方的发展差异毕业设计

2015年5月10日

Contents

摘要ii

Abstractiii

Introduction1

I.ThedifferenceoftennisbetweenChinaandWestinculturalaspect6

1.1Chineseculture7

1.2Westernculture9

II.ThedifferenceoftennisbetweenChinaandWestinsocialbackgroundaspect11

2.1Chinesesociety11

2.2Westernsociety13

III.ThedifferenceoftennisbetweenChinaandWestineconomyaspect15

3.1Chineseeconomy15

3.2Westerneconomy17

Conclusion19

Bibliography20

Acknowledgements21

网球在中西方的发展差异

摘要

网球起源于西方，在西方已有一百多年的发展历史，而后相继传入世界各地。

网球到达中国的时间较晚，但近几年发展迅猛，2004年雅典奥运会，2006年澳网女子双打冠军，2011年法网女子单打冠军，标志着我国女子网球项目的迅速崛起。

但是，就总体而言，我国网球运动与西方国家相比，还是存在着巨大的差异，落后于世界先进水平。

因此如何从若干领域比较中国网球运动和西方网球运动发展的相同之处与不同之处，从而找出对我国网球运动发展的有利因素，是现阶段我国广大网球理论工作者应该重视和深入研究的一个重要课题。

本文采用文献资料法，比较研究法等想相关研究方法，对中国和西方发达国家的网球发展作比较研究，通过对异同作深层次比较研究，发现中西方网球运动相关领域的差异及其对中西方网球运动发展的影响，从而找到中国网球运动发展与西方网球运动发展的差距。

根据研究的需要，本文将中西方网球运动比较的范围确定在中西方文化，社会背景和经济等方面进行考察，得出以下研究结论：

1.网球是西方传统文化的产物，西方人在参加网球运动时具有天然的适应性和传承性，而中国传统文化在一定程度上影响着网球在中国的发展。

2.与西方网球运动相比，中国网球运动仍处于落后阶段。

在综合比较中，找到差距的成因，并努力改变，中国的网球才能与西方网球想匹敌。

关键词：

网球；中国；西方；差异

AnalysisonthegapoftennisbetweenChinaandWest

Abstract

Europeisthebirthplaceoftennis,andsometimelater,tennishasbeenintroducedtomanycountriesaroundtheworld.TennisarrivedinChinaalittlebitlateandyetdevelopsrapidly.Chinesefemaletennisplayershavewonthe2004AthensOlympic,the2008Australiaopenandthe2011Franceopen,whichmarksanewbeginning.Butasseenfromthewhole,thetennislevelbetweenChinaandwestisdistinct.Therefore,howtocomparethesimilaritiesanddifferencesoftennisandfindoutthefavorablefactorstoChinesetennisisanimportantsubjecttomanytheoreticalworkerstopayattentionandforin-depthresearch.Forthisreason,thisstudy,usingliteraturemethod,comparativeanalysisandotherresearch,makesacomparativestudybetweenChinesetennisandthewesterntennis.Throughadeeperlevelstudybetweensimilaritiesanddifferences,thisthesisaimstofindthedisparity,andtoprovideappropriatesuggestionsfortheChinesetennis.Ontheneedofthestudy,thispaperwillfixthescopeofthecomparisoninculture,socialbackgroundandeconomydevelopment.Followingaretheconclusions:

1.Tennisisaproductofwesterncultureandwesternershaveanaturaladaptationandtransmissionwhentheyplaytennis,traditionalChineseculture,ontheotherhand,interferesthedevelopmentoftennis.

2.Comparingwiththewesterntennislevel,Chinaisfallingbehind.BycomparingthedifferencesbetweenChinaandWestinvariousaspects,wemayfindthecausesandimproveourselvesandtrytocatchupwiththewesterncountries.

KeyWords：

Tennis;China;West;Difference

Introduction

Historiansbelievethatthegame'sancientoriginlayin12thcenturynorthern France,whereaballwasstruckwiththepalmofthehand[1].TheFrenchking wasakeenplayerof jeudepaume （“gameofthepalm”）,whichevolvedinto realtennis,andbecamenotableasthefirstpersontoconstructindoortenniscourtsintheModernstyle.Tennishasswepttheworldaroundtheseyears,andtennisplayersbothfromhomeorbroadaredoingagreatjob.Chinesetennisisdevelopingextremelyfastrecentyears,andthemostremarkablemonumentiswhenLinawontheFrenchopenin2011.Peopleinchinaarenowsoobsessedwithtennisthattheywouldn’tmissagame,theirenthusiasmisheightened.ButthedifferencebetweenChinaandwestisstilldistinguishing.Thedevelopmentofwesterntennishasreachedalevelthatchinacan’tcatchupwith.Forinstance,thefourgreattennismatchesareheldinwesterncountries,andtheirtennisplayersalwaysrankthefirstplaceinthelist.ThereisnoAsianmaleplayerswhocanhaveasitinthetoptenlist.Somemaywonderwhythishappens.Manyresearchesaremadebyscholarsortheoreticalworkerstoexplainthisinterestingphenomenonandhowitgoessofar.However,whatpeoplecareaboutaremerelythetopplayers,theirintroductionandhowmanymedalstheyhavewon,oreventheirgossip.Theyusuallynegatethemostimportantfacts.Feweverreachthisissuefromculturalview,socialbackgroundvieworeconomicview.Followingaretheanalysesonthisissue.

I.ThedifferenceoftennisbetweenChinaandWestinculturalaspect

1.1Therulesoftennismatches

Tennis isa racquetsport thatcanbeplayedindividuallyagainstasingleopponent（singles）orbetweentwoteamsoftwoplayerseach（doubles）.Eachplayerusesa racquet thatisstrungwithcordtostrikeahollowrubber ball coveredwithfeltoveroraroundanetandintotheopponent'scourt.Theobjectofthegameistoplaytheballinsuchawaythattheopponentisnotabletoplayagoodreturn.Theopponentwhoisunabletoreturntheballwillnotgainapoint,whiletheoppositeopponentwill.Tennisisan Olympic sportandisplayedatalllevelsofsocietyandatallages.Thesportcanbeplayedbyanyonewhocanholdaracquetincluding wheelchairusers.Themoderngameoftennisoriginatedin Birmingham, England,inthelate19thcenturyas"lawntennis"[2].Ithadcloseconnectionsbothtovariousfield（"lawn"）gamessuchas croquet and bowls aswellastotheolderracquetsportof realtennis.Duringmostofthe19th-centuryinfact,theterm"tennis"referredtorealtennis,notlawntennis:

forexample,in Disraeli'snovel Sybil （1845）,LordEugeneDeVereannouncesthathewill"godownto HamptonCourt andplaytennis."Therulesoftennishavechangedlittlesincethe1890s.Twoexceptionsarethatfrom1908to1961theserverhadtokeeponefootonthegroundatalltimes,andtheadoptionofthe tie-break inthe1970s.Arecentadditiontoprofessionaltennishasbeentheadoptionofelectronicreviewtechnologycoupledwithapointchallengesystem,whichallowsaplayertocontestthelinecallofapoint.Tennisisplayedbymillionsofrecreationalplayersandisalsoapopularworldwidespectatorsport.Thefour GrandSlam tournaments（alsoreferredtoasthe"Majors"）areespeciallypopular:

the AustralianOpen playedon hardcourts,the FrenchOpen playedonred claycourts,Wimbledon playedon grasscourts,andthe USOpen playedalsoonhardcourts.

1.2InfluenceofChinesecultureontennisdevelopment

Fromthedevelopmentofculture,thecircleofconflictandcombinationofcultureisdestined,orwecansaythatthecommunicationofcultureboostthedevelopment.[3].AncientChinawaslocatedintheeastofAsia,withthepacificoceantotheeast,vastdesertandaridgrasslandinnorth,steepHengduanmountainrangesandHimalayasmountainsinsoutheast（whichincludingTibetanplateau,knownastheroofoftheworld）.Withallthesespecialsurroundings,arelativelycomplete,independentandclosednaturalgeographicunitwasformed.TraditionalChineseculture,whichcameoutofthisuniquenaturalgeographicenvironment,wasoftencoloredwithastrongtendencyof“self-centered”initiative.TheChinesecharacteristhebestproof,asthesayinggoes,“china,thecenteroftheworld”.Itistheresultoflongtimeprideselfconsciousnessandnationalconsciousness,thisculturalegoismpermeatesthelifeofChinesepeopleinallaspects.

ChinesesportscultureistheconsequenceoftheevolutionoftraditionalChineseculture,basedontheindividualagriculturaleconomywithpatriarchalfamilyasitsbackgroundandConfucianthoughtsasitscore.Chinesepeoplebelieveincollectivism.TheChinesenationofthousandsofyearshasdevelopeditsowngloriousandvariablecultureintheprocess.TraditionalChineseculturevaluepeaceandpaylessattentiontocompetition,butthesoulofsportsistocompetewithothers,andthiscontradictstraditionalChineseculture.Familyisthecenterofeverythingandtheydespiseindividualism,Chinesecultureattachesgreatimportancetounityandmodesty,thusmakingsportactivitieshardtocarryout.Especiallyforsportliketennis,theyusedtothinkitwastooviolentandrefusedtoplayit,andthisresistancehadinfluencedtheirchildren.Generationsbygenerations,tennisinChinahadnotswirled,anditwasinthedarkcornerforawhile.TraditionalChineseculturewasakindofethicalculture,whichpaidmuchattentiontothedoctrineofthemean,whilesolesstocompetition,butthevitalityofsportsliesincompetition,theConfucianethicswastotallyagainstit.Confucianethicsvualuablepart.TraditionalChinesecultureputfamilyaboveanythinganditloatheegoism,peoplearerequiredtofollowthe“ThreecardinalguidesandFiveconstantvirtues”,theirbehaviormustbeharmonious,unifiedandmodest,theresultisthatthewholenationsufferfrompsychologicalinequality,theircreativityispressedbythemoralityaswellasbytheteamrule,thusmakingthetennismatchunfairforthemtocompete.“Bylearningfromthewest,allthesehavegreateffectonpolitics,economy,militaryandeducation”[4].FromThefeudalethicsoftheGrandunificationkillstheaggressivemindandcompetitivespiritinthetennisplayers,inconsequence,ourtennisplayersisshortofindependenceconceptandcreativity.

Sportistheresultofculture.Althoughitisalsoinfluencedbyraceandlanguage,cultureisthemostimportantone.[5]TraditionalChinesecultureattachgreatimportancetointelligencewhilesolesstophysicalsport,favoring“calmness”over“movement”,thesupportersofthisthinkpeoplewithgreatintelligencearetherule,whilepeoplewhoworkphysicalaretheruled.Thewindofdespisingphysicallaborandsportsactivitieshasbeencurrentforalonglongtime.EspeciallywhenitcomestotheHandynasty,thesituationgetsevenworseandeverythingisaboutConfucianism.Peoplewhoplaysportswouldbethoughtascakeeaters,ex