计算机英语第3章.docx

计算机英语第3章.docx

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计算机英语第3章

Chapter3ApplicationSoftware

LearningObjectives:

Attheendofthischapter,youareexpectedto:

●understandthemainideasofeverypassage;

●masterthekeywordsandphrases,especiallytechnicaltermsofeverypassageaswellastheirusage;

●haveaclearideaofapplicationsoftware,MicrosoftWord,MicrosoftExcelandsomethingaboutBillGates.

Warm-up:

Labelthefollowingpictureswiththetermsinthebox:

1.ApplicationSoftware

2.SystemSoftware

A._____________________

B._____________________

C.______________________

D._____________________

E._____________________

F.______________________

G._____________________

H.______________________

I.______________________

3.1WhatisApplicationSoftware

Applicationsoftwareisasubclassofcomputersoftwarethatemploysthecapabilitiesofacomputerdirectlyandthoroughlytoataskthattheuserwishestoperform.Thisshouldbecontrastedwithsystemsoftwarewhichisinvolvedinintegratingacomputer'svariouscapabilities,buttypicallydoesnotdirectlyapplythemintheperformanceoftasksthatbenefittheuser.Typicalexamplesofsoftwareapplicationsarewordprocessors,spreadsheets,andmediaplayers.

User-writtensoftwaretailorssystemstomeettheuser'sspecificneeds.User-writtensoftwareincludesspreadsheettemplates,wordprocessormacros,scientificsimulations,graphicsandanimationscripts.Evenemailfiltersareakindofusersoftware.Userscreatethissoftwarethemselvesandoftenoverlookhowimportantitis.

Incomputerscience,anapplicationisacomputerprogramdesignedtohelppeopleperformacertaintypeofwork.Anapplicationthusdiffersfromanoperatingsystem（whichrunsacomputer）,autility（whichperformsmaintenanceorgeneral-purposechores）,andaprogramminglanguage（withwhichcomputerprogramsarecreated）.Dependingontheworkforwhichitwasdesigned,anapplicationcanmanipulatetext,numbers,graphics,oracombinationoftheseelements.Someapplicationpackagesofferconsiderablecomputingpowerbyfocusingonasingletask,suchaswordprocessing;others,calledintegratedsoftware,offersomewhatlesspowerbutincludeseveralapplications,suchasawordprocessor,aspreadsheet,andadatabaseprogram.

Therearemanysubtypesofapplicationsoftware:

∙Enterprisesoftwareaddressestheneedsoforganizationprocessesanddataflow,ofteninalargedistributedenvironment.（ExamplesincludeFinancial,Customer

application

[]

n.应用

subclass[]

n.小类,子集

contrastedwith

vt.与..对比

spreadsheet

n.电子数据表，电子制表软件

tailorvt.使…适用于

templaten.模板

macro

[u]

n.[计]宏（指令）

overlookvt.忽略

differ[]

vi.不一致,不同

utility[]

n.有用的物体或器械

manipulate

[]

vt.（熟练地）处理

subtype[]

亚型：

较大类型中形成一类的群组

addressvt.

专注于

dataflow

数据流

distributed

[]

adj.分布式的

RelationshipManagement,andSupplyChainManagement）.NotethatDepartmentalSoftwareisasub-typeofEnterpriseSoftwarewithafocusonsmallerorganizationsorgroupswithinalargeorganization.（ExamplesincludeTravelExpenseManagement）

∙EnterpriseinfrastructuresoftwareprovidescommoncapabilitiesneededtosupportEnterpriseSoftwaresystems.（ExamplesincludeDatabases,Emailservers,andNetworkandSecurityManagement）

∙Informationworkersoftwareaddressestheneedsofindividualstocreateandmanageinformation,oftenforindividualprojectswithinadepartment,incontrasttoenterprisemanagement.Examplesincludetimemanagement,resourcemanagement,documentationtools,analytical,andcollaborative.Wordprocessors,spreadsheets,emailandblogclients,personalinformationsystem,andindividualmediaeditorsmayaidinmultipleinformationworkertasks.

∙EducationalsoftwareisrelatedtoMediaandEntertainmentSoftware,buthasdistinctrequirementsfordeliveringevaluations（tests）andtrackingprogressthroughmaterial.Itisalsorelatedtocollaborationsoftware.ManyEducationalSoftwaresystemsincludecollaborativecapabilities.

∙Simulationsoftwareiscomputersoftwareforsimulationofphysicalorabstractsystemsforeitherresearch,trainingorentertainmentpurposes.

∙Mediadevelopmentsoftwareaddressestheneedsofindividualswhogenerateprintandelectronicmediaforotherstoconsume,mostofteninacommercialoreducationalsetting.ThisincludesGraphicArtsoftware,DesktopPublishingsoftware,MultimediaDevelopmentsoftware,HTMLeditors,DigitalAnimationeditors,DigitalAudioandVideocomposition,andmanyothers.

∙Productengineeringsoftwareisusedindevelopinghardwareandsoftwareproducts.Thisincludescomputeraideddesign（CAD）,computeraidedengineering（CAE）,computerlanguageeditingandcompilingtools,IntegratedDevelopmentEnvironments,andApplicationProgrammerInterfaces.（513words）

SupplyChainn.供应链

departmental

[]

adj.部门的

infrastructure

[]

n.基础，基础设施

incontrastto与…对照

blog

博客，Weblog的简称

entertainmentn.娱乐

distinct[]adj.明显的

collaboration

[]

n.协作,通

simulationn.仿真

generatev.产生

settingn.框架

GraphicArt

绘画艺术

animation

[]

n.动画

CAD计算机辅助设计

CAE计算机辅助工程

Exercises:

I.Tellwhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue（T）orfalse（F）accordingtothetext.

1.Wordprocessors,spreadsheetsandmediaplayersaresoftwareapplications

2.Userscreatesoftwarethemselvesbecausetheyknowhowimportantitis.

3.Thereisnodifferencebetweentheapplicationsoftwareandtheoperatingsystem.

4.Enterprisesoftwareaddressestheneedsoforganizationprocessesanddataflow.

5.Educationalsoftwareisnotrelatedtomediaandentertainmentsoftware.

II.MatchthewordsorexpressionsintheleftcolumnwiththeChineseequivalentsintherightcolumn.

1.applicationsoftware

A.基础，基础设施

2.systemsoftware

B.供应链

3.emailfilter

C.超文本链接标示语言

4.progamminglanguage

D.系统软件

5.softwarepackage

E.应用软件

6.integratedsoftware

F.应用界面

7.infrastructure

G.程序语言

8.supplychain

H.软件包

9.HTML

I.电邮过滤器

10.applicationinterface

J.综合软件

III.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsorexpressionsinthebox,makingchangesifnecessary:

entertainmentsmallmaintainhostsoftware

usefulnetworklevelapplication

Definingapplication__________

（1）isnotaneasytasksincemanypiecesofsoftwarecrossthedefiningline.Infact,thesoftware"__________

（2）"categoryismostlyaguidelineratherthanahardrule.

Generally,anapplicationmustfirstbeconsidered__________（3）whencomparedtoitsotherqualities.Underthisqualification,softwaresuchasgamesmaybeexcludedsincetheyareprimarilyusedfor__________（4）andnotdirectlyintendedforproductiveuse.

Softwarethatisusedprimarilyto__________（5）orinteractwithcomputerhardwareisgenerallyregardedasa"utility".Largersoftwarethatisintendedto__________（6）othersoftware,isan"operatingsystem",oratalower__________（7）a"virtualmachine".Smallerpiecesofsoftwaremayserveausefulpurpose,butsincetheyare__________（8）andtypicallyfairlylimitedinusage,theyaredesignatedas"tools","gadgets",or"widgets".Finally,newerclassesofsoftwareexistthatmayeitherinitiate__________（9）exchangesorrespondtonetworkrequests.

IV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromEnglishintoChinese

1.Wordprocessors,spreadsheets,andmediaplayersaretypicalexamplesofsoftwareapplications

2.User-writtensoftwaretailorssystemtomeetthespecificneedsoftheusers.

3.Enterpriseinfrastructuresoftwareprovidescommoncapabilitiesneededtosupport

enterprisesoftwaresystem.

4.Educationalsoftwareisrelatedtomediaandentertainmentsoftware.

5.Productengineeringsoftwareisusedindevelopinghardwareandsoftwareproducts.

3.2IntroductiontoMicrosoftWord

MicrosoftWordisMicrosoft'sflagshipwordprocessingsoftware.Itwasfirstreleasedin1983underthenameMulti-ToolWordforXenixsystems.VersionswerelaterwrittenforseveralotherplatformsincludingIBMPCsrunningDOS（1983）,theAppleMacintosh（1984）,andMicrosoftWindows（1989）.ItisacomponentoftheMicrosoftOfficesystem;however,itisalsosoldasastandaloneproductandincludedinMicrosoftWorksSuite.Beginningwiththe2003version,thebrandingwasrevisedtoemphasizeWord'sidentityasacomponentwithintheOfficesuite;MicrosoftbegancallingitMicrosoftOfficeWordinsteadofmerelyMicrosoftWord.ThelatestreleasesareWord2007forWindowsandWord2008forMacOSX.

ThefirstversionofWordforWindowswasreleasedin1989.ThefailureofWordPerfecttoproduceaWindowsversionprovedafatalmistake.Itwasversion2.0ofWord,however,thatfirmlyestablishedMicrosoftWordasthemarketleader.

AfterMacWrite,WordforMacintoshneverhadanyseriousrivals,althoughprogramssuchasNisusWriterprovidedfeaturessuchasnon-contiguousselectionwhichwerenotaddeduntilWord2002inOfficeXP.Inaddition,manyuserscomplainedthatmajorupdatesreliablycamemorethantwoyearsapart,toolongformostbusinessusersatthattime.

Word5.1fortheMacintosh,releasedin1992,wasaverypopularwordprocessorduetoitselegance,relativeeaseofuse,andfeatureset.However,version6.0fortheMacintosh,releasedin1994,waswidelyderided,unliketheWindowsversion.ItwasthefirstversionofWordbasedonacommoncodebasebetweentheWindowsandMacversions;manyaccuseditofbeingslow,clumsyandmemoryintensive.Inresponsetouserrequests,Microsoftofferedafree"downgrade"toWord5.1fordissatisfiedWord6.0purchasers.

flagship[]n.旗舰

wordprocessing

n.[计