文体学复习一.docx
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文体学复习一
文体学复习
1、Style:
Mannersindicatingprominentlinguisticfeatures,devicesorpatterns,most(orleast)frequentlyoccurinaparticulartextofaparticularvarietyoflanguage.(有许多种,此为inthisbook,general,linguistic-oriented),P5
2、Stylistics:
isabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesinascientificandsystematicwayconcerningthemanners/linguisticfeaturesofdifferentvarietiesoflanguageatdifferentlevels.
•Literarystylistics:
concentratessolelyonuniqueandoveralllinguisticfeaturesofthevariousgenresofliterature.〔考点〕★
★
Thedevelopmentofstylistics
Thescopeofstudy
Threecrucialaspectsofspeech:
①Substances[soundsandsymbols];②Form;③Situation
3、Stylisticanalysis:
isgenerallyconcernedwiththeuniquenessofatext(whatispeculiartotheuseoflanguageinagiventextfordeliveringthemessage).Thisnaturallyinvolvescomparisonsofthelanguageofthetextwiththatusedinconventionaltypesofdiscourse.Stylisticiansmayalsowishtocharacterizethestyleofagiventextbysystematicallycomparingthelanguageusesinthattextwiththoseinanother.Thus,wemayconcludethatstylisticanalysisisanactivitywhichishighlycomparativeinnature.
Practice5.Analyzethefollowingtext.
Policeman:
What’syourname,boy?
Blackpsychiatrist:
Dr.Poussiant.I’maphysician.
Policeman:
What’syourfirstname,boy?
Blackpsychiatrist:
Alvin.
•Theword‘boy’maybeusedtoaddressamaleinferior.Inaboveconversation,theformisusedtoaddressaphysician,whoisusuallyaccordedhighrespectintheUSandisaddressedas‘Dr.So-and-so’(Title+Surname).Insistentlyusingtheform‘boy’,thewhitepolicemanshowshisracistcontemptofandprejudiceagainsttheblackpeople.
4、Linguisticdescription:
referstotheexplorationandclassificationoflinguisticfeaturesofagiventext.★
每个category下面的各个分类
(1)ThePhonologyCategory:
Phonologyhereisusedtorefertothesystemofspeechsoundsinalanguage.
(2)TheLexicalCategory:
Lexisisusedheretorefertothechoiceofwords.
(3)TheSyntactic/Grammatical/Category:
Syntaxisusedheretorefertorulesfororderingandconnectingwordsintosentences.
(4)SemanticCategory:
Semanticsisusedheretorefertothemeaningofwords,expressions,etc.andbywhatmeansthemeaningisconveyedfromtheaddressertotheaddressee.
Procedureoflinguisticdescription
1)Worksystematicallythroughthetextandnotedownpointswefeelofsomestylisticsignificancerespectivelyunderthevariousheadings.
2)Quantifythefrequencyofalinguisticfeature.
3)Assesstheimportanceofstylisticfeatures.
4)Makestatementsabouttheoveralllinguisticpictureofthetextinquestion,bringingtogetherdiversefeaturestoshowhowtheyformacoherent,integratedpattern,andmakingjudgmentsaboutorinterpretingthesignificanceofsuchpatternsinrelationtothecontextofthetextasawhole.
5、〔1〕Text:
Atextisanypassage,spokenorwritten,ofwhateverlength,thatformsaunifiedwhole.Atextisthenasemanticunit,aunitnotonlyofform,butalsoofmeaning.Atextisrealizedbyasequenceoflanguageunits,whethertheyaresentencesornot.
Cohesivedevices:
Implicitconnectivity
Explicitconnectivity
1)Transitionalwords/phrases
2)Grammaticaldevice
①Ellipsis②Substitution③Coreference
3)Lexicalreiteration
材料Examinethefollowingconversation,findoutwhetherlinguisticunitsinitareovertlycohesiveornot.
A:
Seewhothatis.
B:
I’minpyjamas.
A:
OK.
•Linguisticunitsintheconversationarenotovertlycohesive.Inthistext,therelevanceofB’sremarktoA’sfirstremarkisconveyedbypragmaticimplication.“I’minpyjamas〞impliesanexcusefornotcomplyingwithA’scommand(=“No,Ican’t,becauseI’minpyjamas.〞)A’ssecondremarkimpliesthatheacceptsB’sexcuseandundertakestodohimselfwhatheoriginallyaskedBtodo(=OK.I’llgomyselfandsee.〞Textsarethereforerecognizedasappropriatelycoherentinactualuse.Afullunderstandingofatextisoftenimpossiblewithoutreferencetothecontextinwhichitoccurs.
〔2〕Context:
Contextreferstoallelementsofacommunicativesituation.(Oneis“linguisticcontext〞,referringtothelinguisticunitsprecedingand/orfollowingaparticularlinguisticunitinatext.Theotheris“extra-linguisticcontext〞or“contextofsituation〞,referringtotherelevantfeaturesofthesituationinwhichatexthasmeaning.)
Contextualfactors:
★
①Fieldofdiscourse(语场):
theinstitutionalsetting,privateorpublic,inwhichapieceoflanguageoccurs,embracingnotonlythesubjectmatterinhand(正在进行中的主要的事情),butthewholeactivityofthespeakerorparticipantinasetting,whichcorrespondstoHalliday’s“ideationalfunction〞oflanguage.
②Tenor(语旨):
Theparticipants,theireducation,socialstatus,therole-relationshipbetweentheaddresserandtheaddressee;thedegreeofintimacy;thedegreeofsocialdistance.(It’sconcernedwithwhoistakingpartintheexchangeofmeaning----therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthelistener,theirrelativestatus,theirattitude,andtheirrolerelations.)
③Mode(语式):
themediumofcommunication——thegraphicsigns[visual]orsoundwaves[auditory]bymeansofwhichamessageisconveyedfromonepersontoanther;Channel;channellimitation;otherdetailedchoices,thefunctionsoflanguageintheparticularsituation.
•Practice4.Analyzethefollowingconversation
(JennycomestoAlan’shouse.Sheisconductingasurveyforthegovernment.)
Alan:
Won’tyoucomein,Miss-er-.
Jenny:
Cartwright,JennyCartwright.
Alan:
I’mAlanMarlow.(AlanshowsJennyintothelivingroom.)
Alan:
Ohwon’tyoumakeyourselfcomfortable,Jenny?
(Aftersomeminutesoftalk,whichisomittedhere)
Jenny:
Mr.Marlow…Alan:
CallmeAlan.(TheMarlows,Episode11)
ThecontextshowsclearlythatAlanandJennyaretotalstrangers.Theconven-tionaladdressformbetweenstrangersisTitle+Sur-name(Mr./MissSo-and-so).ButAlanaddressesthegirlbyherfirstnameandlateraskshertodothesame.Hisadoptionoffirst-namingisanexampleofthemanipulationoflanguage.Itisamovetowardsafriendlierrelationship,indicatingthatAlandoesnotwanttheirencountertobeformalanddistant,asitiscustomarybetweenstrangers.Incontrast,JennychoosestoremainformalanddistantbyaddressingAlanas“Mr.Marlow〞.
LinguisticItems
6、Speechsounds:
★
(1)Stress:
Stressreferstotheprominenceofsounds.Itistheresultofextraforceusedinpronouncingaparticularwordorsyllable.a)Toshowemphasis;b)Toshowsurprise,anger,doubt,horrororexcitement;c)Todistinguishmeaningofidenticalwordsorphrases.P23
(2)Pause:
Pausereferstothebriefinterruptionofthearticulatoryprocessbetweenconsecutivelinguisticunitssuchassounds,syllables,words,phrasesandsentences.
a)voicedpauseorfilledpause;b)silentpause
Function:
P23
(3)Pitch:
Thisrelativeheightofspeechsoundsasperceivedbyalisteneriscalled“pitch〞andtoindicatedifferentfeelingsorattitudes,suchasagreement,doubt,surprise,delight,scorn,abhorrence,orhatred.a)Thefallingpitch;b)Therisingpitch;c)Thefall-risepitch;d)Therise-fallpitch;e)Thelevelpitch;f)Thefall-plus-risepitch.(各用在什么情境下,有什么作用P24~25)
(4)Tempo:
Temporeferstothespeedofspeaking.Temporeflectedinmonosyllables:
a)quickandclippedsyllables;b)looseanddrawledsyllables;c)slowandheldsyllables.Temporeflectedinsentences:
a)thequick“allegro〞;b)theslow“lendo〞;c)theincreasing“accelerando〞;d)thedecreasing“rallentando〞.
Function:
Generallyspeaking,aquicktempoindicatesexcitement,surprise,agreement,happiness,indignation,whereasaslowtempousuallyindicatesconfusion,emphasis,disagreement,hesitation,sadness,tiredness,lowspiritordisappointment,etc.
7、GraphologicalItems——thestudyofwritingsystemofalanguage
Graphologicallevel——theexpressionorrealizationoflanguageinitswritingsystem
(1)Punctuation(thedash破折号,thecolon冒号,theexclamationmark感慨号);各自用处效果
(2)Capitalization
(3)Italics斜体
(4)Paragraphing〔分段〕:
Paragraphingreferstothewayinwhichatextisdividedintoparagraphs.Itisadevicetorevealtherelationalstructureinatext,theorganizationofthecontent.
各自用处效果
8、LexicalItems
(1)GeneralorSpecific
(2)Anglo-SaxonorLatinate
(3)OtherLexicalItems
9、Syntactic/GrammaticalItems
(1)ClauseTypes
Clause:
Aclauseformsasentenceorpartofasentence.Itisagroupofwordswhichformagrammaticalunitandwhichcontainsasubjectandafiniteverb,oftenfunctioningasanoun,adjectiveoradverb.
1)Intermsoftheclauseconstituents,thereare5basictypes:
2)Intermsofthestructureoftheverbphrases(ifany)inaclause:
①Finiteclausesareclausesinwhichthefirstortheonlyverbphraseisafiniteform.
E.g.Hefinishedhisworkbeforeleavingtheclassroom.
②Nonfiniteclauses〔非限定从句〕areclauseswhoseverbphraseisnon-finite,e.g.an–ingparticiple.Hefinishedhisworkbeforeleavingtheclassroom.
③Verblessclauses〔无动词分句〕areclauseswhichcontainnoverbelement,e.g.:
Hundredsofpeoplewerekilledinthefire,manyofthemchildren.
3)Intermsoffunctionsinasentence:
①Independentclause,notsubordinatetoanotherclause.
E.g.Iamateacher.
②Subordinateclauseisaclausewhichformspartofanotherclauseasitselement,orasconstituentofaphrasewithinaclause.
a)nominalclause〔名词性从句〕e.g.Whathesaidistrue.
b)relativeclause〔关系从句〕functioningaspostmodifiersofanounphrase.
.Peoplewhosmokeannoyme.
c)comparativeclause,than,as
d)adverbialclausesdenotingtime,place,reason,etc.
(2)SentenceTypes
Sentence:
Asentenceis,grammatically,thelarg