6 异常大血管观汇总.docx
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6异常大血管观汇总
Module5:
Abnormalgreatarteryviews
异常大血管观
Abnormalitiesofposition
Inthenormalheart:
thepulmonaryarteryistotheleft,anteriorandcranialtotheoriginoftheaorta
Abnormalpositionsofgreatarteries
Aorticvalverightwards,anteriorandabovethepulmonaryvalve
●Doubleoutletrightventricle
●Transpositionofthegreatarteries
Aorticvalveleftwards,anteriorandabovethepulmonaryvalve
●Correctedtranspositionofthegreatarteries(atrioventriculardiscordance)
Parallelgreatarteries
●Doubleoutletrightventricle
●Transpositionofthegreatarteries
●Correctedtranspositionofthegreatarteries(atrioventriculardiscordance)
位置异常
正常胎儿心脏:
肺动脉位于主动脉的左前侧,比主动脉起源靠近头侧
大血管位置异常
主动脉瓣在肺动脉瓣之上,位于肺动脉瓣右前方,
●右室双出口
●大动脉转位
主动脉瓣在肺动脉瓣之上,位于肺动脉瓣左前方
●矫正型大动脉转位(房室不一致)
平行大动脉
●右室双出口
●大动脉转位
●矫正型大动脉转位(房室不一致)
Abnormalitiesofsize
Inthenormalheart:
thepulmonaryarteryisslightlylargerthantheaorta,bothonvisualinspectionandbymeasurement
Abnormalitiesinsizeofgreatarteries
Pulmonaryarterylargerthannormal
●Absentpulmonaryvalvesyndrome
Pulmonaryarterysmallerthantheaortaandsmallforgestation
●Pulmonarystenosisoratresia(includesTetralogyofFallot)
●Reducedflowthroughthetricuspidvalve(stenosis,atresia,Ebstein'smalformation)
Aortamuchsmallerthanthepulmonaryarteryandsmallforgestation
●Aorticstenosisoratresia
●Coarctationoftheaorta
●Interruptionoftheaorta
大小异常
正常胎儿心脏:
无论是视觉上还是测量上,肺动脉都比主动脉稍宽
大血管大小异常
肺动脉内径大于正常
●肺动脉瓣缺如综合症
肺动脉内径小于主动脉并小于孕周
●肺动脉狭窄或闭锁(包括法洛氏四联征)
●通过三尖瓣的血流量减少(三尖瓣狭窄,闭锁,三尖瓣下移畸形)
主动脉远小于肺动脉并小于孕周
●主动脉狭窄或闭锁
●主动脉缩窄
●主动脉弓离断
Abnormalitiesofstructureandfunction
Inthenormalheart:
(a)thearterialvalvesopenfreely(b)thereisforwardflowthroughbothgreatarteryvalvesatavelocityoflessthan100cm/sec,and(c)thereisnoregurgitation
Abnormalstructureandfunction
Restrictedpulmonaryvalveopeningwithincreasedflowvelocity
●Pulmonaryvalvestenosis
Restrictedaorticvalveopeningwithincreasedflowvelocity
●Aorticstenosis
Pulmonaryarteryregurgitation
●Absentpulmonaryvalvesyndrome
Aorticregurgitation
●Aorta-Leftventricletunnel(rare)
结构和功能异常
正常胎儿心脏:
(a)动脉瓣开放完全(b)均有前向血流通过两个大动脉瓣并且流速低于100厘米/秒,和(c)没有反流
结构和功能异常
肺动脉瓣开放受限,流速增快
●肺动脉瓣狭窄
主动脉瓣开放受限,流速增快
●主动脉瓣狭窄
肺动脉反流
●肺动脉瓣缺如综合症
主动脉反流
●主动脉-左室通道(少见)
Leftventricularoutflowtractview
Inthenormalheart:
(a)theaortaariseswhollyfromtheleftventricleandinitiallysweepsouttowardstherightshoulder,(b)theanteriorwalloftheaortaiscontinuouswiththeventricularseptum,(c)therearenovisiblebranchesoftheaortaseenclosetothevalve(d)theposteriorwalloftheaortaiscontinuouswiththeanteriorleafletofthemitralvalve,(e)theaorticvalveopensfreelyduringsystole,and(f)oncolorflowmappingthereislaminar(non-turbulent)forwardflowacrosstheaorticvalveandnoregurgitation
Aorticoverride:
Theaortaarisesfrombothventriclesastrideaventricularseptaldefect.Notethattheanteriorwalloftheaortaisnotcontinuouswiththeventricularseptum.Aorticoverrideoccursin,forexample,tetralogyofFallotandcommonarterialtrunk
左室流出道切面
正常胎儿心脏:
(a)主动脉完全起源于左室,并马上转向右侧,(b)主动脉前壁与室间隔连续,(c)主动脉在瓣膜附近没有分支,(d)主动脉后壁与二尖瓣前叶连续,(e)主动脉瓣在收缩期完全开放,(f)彩色血流显像可见跨主动脉瓣的层流(非湍流)且没有反流
主动脉骑跨:
主动脉骑跨于室间隔上起源于双室.注意主动脉前壁与室间隔失去连续性.主动脉骑跨可发生于法四或共同动脉干。
Aorticoriginview
Inthenormalheart:
(a)theaortaariseswhollyfromtheleftventricleandinitiallysweepsouttowardstherightshoulder,(b)theanteriorwalloftheaortaiscontinuouswiththeventricularseptum,(c)theposteriorwalloftheaortaiscontinuouswiththeanteriorleafletofthemitralvalve,(d)theaorticvalveopensfreelyduringsystole,and(e)oncolorflowmappingthereislaminar(non-turbulent,unaliased)forwardflowacrosstheaorticvalveandnoregurgitation
Aorticstenosis:
Theaortawasvisiblysmallerthannormalinrelationtothesizeofthepulmonaryartery(thisisnotappreciablehereasthepulmonaryarteryisnotseen).Thesuspicionofasmallaortawasconfirmedbymeasurementandcomparisonwithgrowthchartsfor gestationalage.Theaorticvalvedidnotopenfreelyduringsystole(thevalvecuspswerevisiblethroughoutsystole).Thevelocityofflowacrosstheaorticvalvewasincreased,resultinginaliasedturbulentflowoncolorflowmapping.
主动脉起源切面
正常胎儿心脏:
(a)主动脉完全起源于左室,并马上转向右侧,(b)主动脉前壁与室间隔连续,(c)主动脉后壁与二尖瓣前叶连续,(d)主动脉瓣在收缩期完全开放,(e)彩色血流显像可见跨主动脉瓣的层流(非湍流)且没有反流
主动脉瓣狭窄:
与肺动脉相比,主动脉内径明显小于正常(此切面未显示肺动脉)。
与孕周相比,主动脉测值明显低于正常,肯定了主动脉发育细小的怀疑。
收缩期主动脉瓣开放不完全(整个收缩期都可见主动脉瓣尖)。
主动脉瓣跨瓣流速增加,彩色血流显像可见彩色血流紊乱。
The3-vesselview
Inthenormalheart:
(a)thepulmonaryarteryisslightlybiggerthantheaorta,(b)thepulmonaryvalveisanteriorandcranialtotheaorticvalve,(c)thepulmonaryvalveopensfreelywithlaminarflowacrossit,(d)thepulmonaryarterycontinuesasthearterialductandconnectstothedescendingaortaand(e)thereisforwardflowinthearterialduct
Pulmonaryatresia:
Thepulmonaryarteryisslightlysmallerthannormal.Thereisreverseflowinthearterialduct(redflow).Theflowfromtheducthitstheclosedpulmonaryvalveandthenturnsforwardtofeedthebranchesofthepulmonaryartery(blueflow)
三血管切面
正常胎儿心脏:
(a)肺动脉比主动脉稍宽,(b)肺动脉瓣在主动脉瓣前侧及头侧,(c)肺动脉瓣于收缩期完全开放,并可见层流血流通过,(d)肺动脉通过动脉导管与降主动脉连接
(e)动脉导管内为前向血流
肺动脉闭锁:
肺动脉内径稍小于正常.动脉导管内可见反向血流(红色血流).来自于动脉导管内的血流撞击到关闭着的肺动脉瓣,然后翻转向前进入肺动脉分之内(蓝色血流)。
The3-vesselview
Inthenormalheart:
(a)thepulmonaryarteryisslightlybiggerthantheaorta,(b)thepulmonaryvalveisanteriorandcranialtotheaorticvalve,(c)thepulmonaryvalveopensfreelywithlaminarflowacrossit,(d)thepulmonaryarterycontinuesasthearterialductandconnectstothedescendingaortaand(e)thereisforwardflowinthearterialduct
AbsentpulmonaryvalvesyndromeThisisaformoftetralogyofFallot.Thepulmonaryvalveisthickenedanddoesnotopenfreely.Themainpulmonaryarteryisdilated.Thereisnovisiblearterialduct.Thereismoderatelyseverepulmonaryregurgitationoncolour
三血管平面
正常胎儿心脏:
(a)肺动脉比主动脉稍宽,(b)肺动脉瓣在主动脉瓣前侧及头侧,(c)肺动脉瓣于收缩期完全开放,并可见层流血流通过,(d)肺动脉通过动脉导管与降主动脉连接
(e)动脉导管内为前向血流
肺动脉瓣缺如综合:
是法四的一种表现形式.肺动脉瓣增厚,完全不开放。
肺动脉主干扩张。
未见动脉导管。
彩色多普勒可见重度肺动脉反流。
Transversearchview
Inthenormalheartthetransverseaorticarch:
(a)isseenjustabovethe3-vesselview(b)itliesabovethearterialduct,(c)itarisesinthemiddleofthechestandcrossesthemidlineofthethoraxfromrighttoleftinfrontofthetrachea,(d)itisofevencaliberalongitslength,and(e)colorDopplerdemonstratesforwardflow
Transpositionofthegreatarteries:
Theaortaarisesmuchmoreanteriorlythannormal,becauseitisarisingfromtheanteriorrightventricle.Thisoccursintranspositionofthegreatarteriesordoubleoutletrightventricle
主动脉弓横断面
正常胎儿心脏主动脉弓横断面:
(a)在3血管平面之上,(b)在动脉导管之上,(c)在气管前方从右向左跨过胸腔中线,(d)全程管腔内径相等,(e)彩色多普勒显示为前向血流
大动脉转位:
由于主动脉起源于右室,所以主动脉起源远比正常靠前,这种情况可见于大动脉转位或右室双出口。
Longaxisviewoftheleftventricle
Inthenormalheart:
(a)alongportionofaortacanbeseenarisingfromtheleftventricle,(b)nomajorbranchesareseenarisingfromtheaortasoonafteritsorigin,and(c)thereislaminarflowacrossthewholelengthoftheleftventricularoutflowtract
Transpositionofthegreatarteries:
Thevesselarisingfromtheleftventriclebrancheslaterallyindicatingthisisthepulmonaryartery
左室长轴切面
正常胎儿心脏:
(a)可观察到较长一段从左室发出的主动脉,(b)主动脉起源之后短距离内没有主要分支,(c)彩色血流显像整个左室流出道均为层流
大动脉转位:
起源于左室的血管很快向两侧分叉提示此血管为肺动脉
Shortaxisviewoftheleftventricle
Inthenormalheart:
(a)therightventricleis“banana-shaped”andliesanteriortotheleftventricle.(b)thepulmonaryvalveisseenatthecranialendoftherightventricle,(c)theleftventricleappearsasacircle,contractingbrisklyandconcentricallywiththe“fish-mouth”appearanceofthemitralvalvewithinit(d)theseptumisintact,and(e)thereisforwardflowfromtherightventricletothepulmonaryartery
Severeaorticstenosis:
Therightventricleiscontractingnormallybuttheleftis“stiff”andimmobile.Thisisduetohighpressurewithintheleftventriclebecauseofaseverelyobstructedaorticvalve
左室短轴切面
正常胎儿心脏:
(a)右室呈“香蕉形状”位于左室前方,(b)右室末端可见肺动脉瓣,(c)左室显示为圆形,收缩有力,二尖瓣呈“鱼口型”位于中央,(d)室间隔连续完整,(e)右室至肺动脉内可见前向血流
重度主动脉瓣狭窄:
右室收缩正常但左室“僵硬”不运动。
这是由于重度主动脉瓣梗阻引起的左室内高压造成的
Archandduct
Whentheultrasoundbeamisangledonthetransversearch,thearchandductcanbeimagedsimultaneously.Theductandtransversearchareofsimilarsize.Thedirectionofflowisthesameinthearchandduct
Aorticatresia:
Thetransversearchishypoplasticwithflowintheoppositedirectiontotheflowintheduct(retrogradeflow)
主动脉弓和动脉导管平面
当超声束与主动脉弓横断面成一定角度时,可同时显示主动脉弓和动脉导管。
动脉导管与主动脉弓横断面大小相似。
主动脉弓及动脉导管内的血流方向相同
主动脉瓣闭锁:
主动脉弓横断面显示主动脉弓发育不良,其内血流(反向血流)和动脉导管内血流方向相反
主动脉弓和动脉导管平面
当超声束与主动脉弓横断面成一定角度时,可同时显示主动脉弓和动脉导管。
动脉导管与主动脉弓横断面大小相似。
主动脉弓及动脉导管内的血流方向相同
右位主动脉弓:
主动脉弓没有穿过中线,在左侧形成降主动脉。
而是位于右侧,在气管附近与动脉导管共同组成一个圆形。
Archandduct
Whentheultrasoundbeamisangledonthetransversearch,thearchandductcanbeimagedsimultaneously.Theductandtransversearchareofsimilarsize.Thedirectionofflowisthesameinthearchandduct
Doubleoutletrightventricle:
Thereisdextrocardia.Theaortaarisesanteriortothepulmonaryartery(identifiedbyitslateralbranchingpattern).Thereisreverseflowinthearterialductindicatingpulmonaryatresia.Thisisclearlydifferentfromthenormal3-vesselviewseeninthelefthandpanelinthesameorientation.
主动脉弓和动脉导管平面
当超声束与主动脉弓横断面成一定角度时,可同时显示主动脉弓和动脉导管。
动脉导管与主动脉弓横断面大小相似。
主动脉弓及动脉导管内的血流方向相同
右室双出口:
右位心。
主动脉起源于肺动脉(有分支)前方。
动脉导管内可见反向血流提示肺动脉闭锁。
这与左侧所显示的正常三血管平面完全不同。
Archandduct
Whentheultrasoundbeamisangledonthetransversearch,the