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英语选修6课文reading
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选修6Unit1Art-Reading
ASHORTHISTORYOFWESTERNPAINTING
Artisinfluencedbythecustomsandfaithofapeople.Stylesin
Westernarthavechangedmanytimes.Astherearesomanydifferentstyles
ofWesternart,itwouldbeimpossibletodescribealloftheminsuch
ashorttext.Consequently,thistextwilldescribeonlythemost
importantones,startingfromthesixthcenturyAD.
TheMiddleAges(5thtothe15thcenturyAD)
DuringtheMiddleAges,themainaimofpainterswastorepresent
religiousthemes.Aconventionalartistofthisperiodwasnotinterested
inshowingnatureandpeopleastheyreallywere.Atypicalpictureat
thistimewasfullofreligioussymbols,whichcreatedfeelingofrespect
andloveforGod.Butitwasevidentthatideaswerechanginginthe13th
centurywhenpainterslikeGiottodiBondonebegantopaintreligious
scenesinamorerealisticway.
TheRenaissance(15thto16thcentury)
DuringtheRenaissance,newideasandvaluesgraduallvreplaced
thoseheldintheMiddleAges.Peoplebegantoconcentratelesson
religiousthemesandadoptamorehumanisticattitudetolife.Atthesame
timepaintersreturnedtoclassicalRomanandGreekideasaboutart.They
triedtopaintpeopleandnatureastheyreallywere.Richpeoplewanted
topossesstheirownpaintings,sotheycoulddecoratetheirsuperb
palacesandgreathouses.Theypaidfamousartiststopaintpicturesof
themselves,theirhousesandpossessionsaswellastheiractivitiesand
achievements.
Oneofthemostimportantdiscoveriesduringthisperiodwashow
todrawthingsinperspective.ThistechniquewasfirstusedbyMasaccio
in1428.Whenpeoplefirstsawhispaintings,theywereconvincedthat
theywerelookingthroughaholeinawallatarealscene.Iftheroles
ofperspectivehadnotbeendiscovered,noonewouldhavebeenableto
paintsuchrealisticpictures.Bycoincidence,oilpaintswerealso
developedatthistime,whichmadethecoloursusedinpaintingslook
richeranddeeper.Withoutthenewpaintsandthenewtechnique,wewould
notbeabletoseethemanygreatmasterpiecesforwhichthisperiodis
famous.
Impressionism(late19thtoearly20thcentury)
Inthelate19thcentury,Europechangedagreatdeal.fromamostly
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agriculturalsocietytoamostlyindustrialone.Manypeoplemovedfrom
thecountrysidetothenewcities.Thereweremanynewinventionsand
socialchanges.Naturally,thesechangesalsoledtonewpaintingstyles.
Amongthepainterswhobrokeawayfromthetraditionalstyleofpainting
weretheImpressionists,wholivedandworkedinParis.
TheImpressionistswerethefirstpainterstoworkoutdoors.They
wereeagertoshowhowlightandshadowfellonobjectsatdifferenttimes
ofday.However,becausenaturallightchangessoquickly,the
Impressionistshadtopaintquickly.Theirpaintingswerenotasdetailed
asthoseofearlierpainters.Atfirst,manypeopledislikedthisstyle
ofpaintingandbecameveryangraboutit.Theysaidthatthepainters
werecarelessandtheirpaintingswereridiculous.
ModernArt(20thcenturytotoday)
Atthetimetheywerecreated,theImpressionistpaintingswere
controversial,buttodaytheyareacceptedasthebeginningofwhatwe
callmodemart.ThisisbecausetheImpressionistsencouragedartists
tolookattheirenvironmentinnewways.Therearescoresofmodernart
styles,butwithouttheImpressionists,manyofthesepaintingstyles
mightnotexist.Ontheonehand,somemodemartisabstract;thatis,
thepainterdoesnotattempttopaintobjectsasweseethemwithoureyes,
butinsteadconcentratesoncertainqualitiesoftheobject,usingcolour,
lineandshapetorepresentthem.Ontheotherhand,somepaintingsof
modernartaresorealisticthattheylooklikephotographs.Thesestyles
aresodifferent.Whocanpredictwhatpaintingstylestherewillbein
thefuture?
THEBESTOFMANHATTAN'SARTGALLERIES
TheFrickCollection(5thAvenueandE.70thStreet)
Manyartloverswouldrathervisitthissmallartgallerythan
anyotherinNewYork.HenryClayFrick,arichNewYorker,diedin1919,
leavinghishouse,furnitureandartcollectiontotheAmericanpeople.
Frickhadapreferenceforpre-twentiethcenturyWesternpaintings,and
thesearewell-representedinthisexcellentcollection.Youcanalso
exploreFrick'sbeautifulhomeandgardenwhicharewellworthaVisit.
GuggenheimMuseum(5thAvenueand88thStreet)
Thismuseumowns5,000superbmodernpaintings,sculpturesand
drawings.Theseartworksarenotalldisplayedatthesametime.The
exhibitionisalwayschanging.Itwillappealtothosewholove
ImpressionistandPost-Impressionistpaintings.TheGuggenheimMuseum
buildingisalsoworld-famous.Whenyouwalkintogallery,youfeelas
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ifyou
wereinsideafragile,whiteseashell.Thebestwaytoseethepaintings
istostartfromthetopfloorandwalkdowntothebottom.Thereareno
stairsjustacircularpath.Themuseumalsohasanexcellentrestaurant.
MetropolitanMuseumofArt(5thAvenueand82ndStreet)
Thereputationofthismuseumliesinthevarietyofitsart
collection.Thiscoversmorethan5,000yearsofcivilizationfrommany
partsoftheworld,includingAmerica,Europe,China,Egypt,otherAfrican
countriesandSouthAmerica.Themuseumdisplaysmorethanjustthevisual
delightsofart.Itintroducesyoutoancientwaysofliving.Youcanvisit
anEgyptiantemple,afragrantMinggarden,atypicalroominan18th
centuryFrenchhouseandmanyotherspecialexhibitions.
MuseumofModernArt(53rdStreet,between5thand6thAvenues)
Itisamazingthatsomanygreatworksofartfromthelate19th
centurytothe21stcenturyarehousedinthesamemuseum.Thecollection
ofWesternartincludespaintingsbysuchfamousartistsasMonet,Van
Gogh,PicassoandMatisse.Afewwordsofwarning:
theadmissionprice
isnotcheapandthemuseumisoftenverycrowded.
WhitneyMuseumofAmericanArt(945MadisonAvenue,near75thStreet)
TheWhitneyholdsanexcellentcollectionofcontemporary
Americanpaintingandsculpture.Therearenopermanentdisplaysinthis
museumandexhibitionschangeallthetime.Everytwoyears,theWhitney
holdsaspecialexhibitionofnewartbylivingartists.Themuseumalso
showsvideosandfilmsbycontemporaryvideoartists.
选修6Unit2Poems-Reading
AFEWSIMPLEFORMSOFENGLISHPOEMS
Therearevariousreasonswhypeoplewritepoetry.Somepoemstell
astoryordescribesomethinginawaythatwillgivethereaderastrong
impression.Otherstrytoconveycertainemotions.Poetsusemany
differentformsofpoetrytoexpressthemselves.Inthistext,however,
wewilllookatafewofthesimplerforms.
SomeofthefirstpoetryayoungchildlearnsinEnglishisnursery
rhymes.Theserhymesliketheoneontheright(A)arestillacommontype
ofchildren'spoetry.Thelanguageisconcretebutimaginative,andthey
delightsmallchildrenbecausetheyrhyme,havestrongrhythmandalot
ofrepetition.Thepoemsmaynotmakesenseandevenseemcontradictory,
buttheyareeasytolearnandrecite.Byplayingwiththewordsinnursery
rhymes,childrenlearnaboutlanguage.
AHush,littlebaby,don'tsayaword,Papa'sgoingtobuyyoua
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mockingbird.Ifthatmockingbirdwon'tsing,Papa'sgoingtobuyyoua
diamondring.Ifthatdiamondringturnstobrass,Papa'sgoingtobuy
youalooking-glass.Ifthatlooking-glassgetsbroke,Papa'sgoingto
buyyouabilly-goat.Ifthatbilly-goatrunsaway,Papa'sgoingtobuy
youanothertoday.
OneofthesimplestkindsofpoemsarethoselikeBandCthat
listthings.Listpoemshaveaflexiblelinelengthandrepeatedphrases
whichgivebothapatternandarhythmtothepoem.Somerhyme(likeB)
whileothersdonot(likeC).
BIsawafish-portalallonfire
Isawafish-pondallonfire,
Isawahousebowtoasquire,
Isawapersontwelve-feethigh,
Isawacottageinthesky,
Isawaballoonmadeoflead,
Isawacoffindropdowndead,
Isawtwosparrowsrunarace,
Isawtwohorsesmakinglace,
Isawggirljustlikeacat,
Isawakittenwearahat,
Isawamanwhosawthesetoo,
Andsaidthoughstrangetheyallweretrue.
COurfirstfootballmatch
Wewouldhavewon...
ifJackhadscoredthatgoal,
ifwe'dhadjustafewmoreminutes,
ifwehadtrainedharder,
ifBenhadpassedtheballtoJoe,
ifwe'dhadthousandsoffansscreaming,
ifIhadn'ttakenmyeyeofftheball,
ifwehadn'tstayedupsolatethenightbefore,
ifwehadn'ttakeniteasy,
ifwehadn'trunoutofenergy.
Wewouldhavewon...
ifwe'dbeenbetter!
Anothersimpleformofpoemthatstudentscaneasilywriteisthe
cinquain,apoemmadeupoffivelines.Withthese,studentscanconvey
astrongpictureinjustafewwords.Lookattheexamples(DandE)on
thetopofthenextpage.
DBrotherBeautiful,athleticTeasing,shouting,laughingFriendand
enemytooMine
ESummerSleepy,saltyDrying,drooping,dreadingWeekin,weekout
Endless
FAfallenblossomIscomingbacktothebranch.Look,abutterfly!
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(byMoritake)
GSnowhavingmelted,ThewholevillageisbrimfulOfhappychildren.
(byIssa)
HaikuisaJapaneseformofpoetrythatismadeupof17syllables.
ItisnotatraditionalformofEnglishpoetry,butisverypopularwith
Englishwriters.Itiseasytowriteand,likethecinquain,cangive
aclearpictureandcreateaspecialfeelingusingtheminimum