经济学名词解释英文.docx

经济学名词解释英文.docx

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经济学名词解释英文

Accountingprofit会计利润:

Totalrevenueminustotalexplicitcost

Ability-to-payprinciple能力支付原则:

Theideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatpersoncanshouldertheburden

Absoluteadvantage绝对优势:

Thecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivity

Adverseselection逆向选择:

Thetendencyforthemixofunobservedattributestobecomeundesirablefromthestandpointofanuninformedparty

Agent代理人:

Apersonwhoisperforminganactforanotherperson,calledtheprincipal

Aggregate-demandcurve:

acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthathouseholds,firms,andthegovernmentwanttobuyateachpricelevel

Aggregaterisk:

riskthataffectsalleconomicactorsatonce

Aggregate-supplycurve:

acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthatfirmschoosetoproduceandsellateachpricelevel

Appreciation:

anincreaseinthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredbytheamountofforeigncurrencyitcanbuy

Arrow’simpossibilitytheorem阿罗不可能定理:

Amathematicalresultshowingthat,undercertainassumedconditions,thereisnoschemeforaggregatingindividualpreferencesintoavalidsetofsocialpreferences

Averagefixedcost平均固定成本:

Fixedcostsdividedbythequantityofoutput

Averagerevenue平均收益:

Totalrevenuedividedbythequantitysold

Averagetaxrate平均税率:

Totaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincome

Averagetotalcost平均总成本:

Totalcostdividedbythequantityofoutput

Averagevariablecost平均可变成本:

Variablecostsdividedbythequantityofoutput

Automaticstabilizers:

changesinfiscalpolicythatstimulateaggregatedemandwhentheeconomygoesintoarecessionwithoutpolicymakershavingtotakeanydeliberateaction

Balancetrade:

asituationinwhichexportsequalimports

Benefitsprinciple受益原则:

Theideathatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbasedonthebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernmentservices

Bond:

acertificateofindebtedness

Budgetconstraint预算约束:

Thelimitontheconsumptionbundlesthataconsumercanafford

Budgetdeficit预算赤字:

Anexcessofgovernmentspendingovergovernmentreceipts

Budgetsurplus预算盈余:

Anexcessofgovernmentreceiptsovergovernmentspending

Businesscycle经济周期:

Fluctuationsineconomicactivity,suchasemploymentandproduction

Capital资产:

Theequipmentandstructuresusedtoproducegoodsandservices

Capitalflight:

alargeandsuddenreductioninthedemandforassetslocatedinacountry

Cartel卡特尔:

Agroupoffirmsactinginunison

Catch-upeffect:

thepropertywherebycountriesthatstartoffpoortendtogrowmorerapidlythatcountriesthatstartoffrich

Centralbank:

aninstitutiondesignedtooverseethebankingsystemandregulatethequantityofmoneyintheeconomy

Circular-flowdiagram循环流向图:

Avisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirms

Closedeconomy:

aneconomythatdoesnotinteractwithothereconomiesintheworld

Collectivebargaining:

theprocessbywhichunionsandfirmsagreeonthetermsofemployment

Commoditymoney:

moneythattakestheformofacommoditywithintrinsicvalue

Coasetheorem科斯定理:

Thepropositionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalitiesontheirown

Collusion共谋:

Anagreementamongfirmsinamarketaboutquantitiestoproduceorpricestocharge

Commonresources共同资源:

Goodsthatarerivalbutnotexcludable

Comparativeadvantage比较优势:

Thecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycost

Compensatingdifferential补偿性工资差别:

Adifferenceinwagesthatarisestooffsetthenonmonetarycharacteristicsofdifferentjobs

Competitivemarket竞争性市场:

Amarketwithmanybuyersandsellerstradingidenticalproductssothateachbuyerandsellerisapricetaker

Complements互补性商品:

Twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheother

Condorcetparadox:

thefailureofmajorityruletoproducetransitivepreferencesforsociety

Compounding:

theaccumulationofasumofmoneyin,say,abankaccount,wheretheinterestearnedremainsintheaccounttoearnadditionalinterestinthefuture

Constantreturnstoscale规模报酬不变:

Thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcoststaysthesameasthequantityofoutput

Consumerpriceindex（CPI）:

ameasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandservicesboughtbyatypicalconsumer

Consumersurplus消费者剩余:

Abuyer’swillingnesstopayminustheamountthebuyeractuallypays

Consumption:

spendingbyhouseholdsongoodsandservices,withtheexceptionofpurchasesofnewhousing

Cost成本:

Thevalueofeverythingasellermustgiveupproducingagood

Cost-benefitanalysis成本收益分析:

Astudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgood

Crowdingout:

adecreaseininvestmentthatresultsfromgovernmentborrowing

Crowding-outeffect:

theoffsetinaggregatedemandthatres