四级作文的结构和模式.docx

四级作文的结构和模式.docx

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四级作文的结构和模式

四级作文的结构与模式

1、问题解决型

问题解决型作文通常首先提出一个有待解决的问题，然后要求考生就问题提出解决方法、途径，有时还要求考生最后谈论适合自己的方法。

结构模式：

第一段：

导言。

描述现状、形式、苦难，提出问题。

第二段：

方法。

列举说明处理某事的方式或解决某个问题的途径。

第三段：

评价、建议或个人选择。

针对第二段所阐述的方法给予简要的评论，也可提出个人建议或选择，并简述理由。

属于该模块的四级真题：

HowIovercomedifficultiesinlearningEnglish.

Gettingtoknowtheworldoutsidethecampus？

HowIfinancemycollegeeducation.

Howtosucceedinajobinterview

本题型的写作重点在“how”,即解决办法。

请看范文:

Howtoeliminatefakediplomas

Itisreportedthatfloodingoffakediplomasisbecomingaseriousproblemrecently.Whenemployerslaymuchemphasisontheircandidates’educationbackground，differentkindsoffakediplomasappearinsociety.Itisunfairthatonefailstogethisjobjustbecausehisrivalhasproducedafakediplomaorcertificate.Therefore,fakediplomasdoobviousharmtothejobmarketandfaircompetitionbetweencandidates.

Manywayscancontributetosolvingthisseriousproblem，butthefollowingonesmaybemosteffective.Firstofall,companiesuniversitiesshouldhaveaclosecontactsothatthefakediplomascannotplaytricks.Besides,theonewhofabricatesthefakediplomasshouldbeseverelypunishedbylawandtotallyexposedthroughmedia.Finally,theonewhousesafakediplomainfindingjobsshouldbedisqualifiedfromthejobmarketforatleastthreemonths.Thatmaygivealessontoothers.

Thesearenotthebestandtheonlythreemeasureswecantake,butitshouldbenotedthatweshouldtakeeffectivemeasurestoeliminatethefakediplomaanddoeveryonejustice.

2、原因说明型

原因说明型作文通常先提出某个新的社会现象、变化、问题，要求考生分析该现象或变化产生的根源，并给与评论。

该模块包括图表作文。

结构模式：

第一段：

导言。

描述现象、问题或变化（图表作文中，不要罗列数据，要重视数据变化，将数据分析回归后，在做归纳性阐述。

第二段：

原因分析。

运用因果法和列举法论述其中的原因或根源。

第三段：

评述或预测。

对该对象、问题或变化进行简单的利弊评述或发展预测。

属于该模块的四级真题：

Changesinpeople’sdiet.

Theworldisgettingsmallerandsmaller.

Studentuseofcomputers.

本题型的写作重点在“why”，即原因阐述。

请看范文：

Aboominfastfood

Whiletherhythmofpeople’slifeisspeedingup,alotofchangeshavetakenplaceinpeople’sdietaryhabit.FastfoodrestaurantssuchasMcDonald’s,Kentucky,Timmy’sandthelikearemushroomingeverywhereandfastfoodisrapidlygainingitspopularityalloverthecountry.

Thereareseveralreasonswhymoreandmorepeopleliketohavefastfood.Firstly,itcansavetime.Ahamburger-lunchtakesusnomorethantwentyminutes.Wecanevenhaveitwhileworking.Forthosesalarymen,whobelieveinthesayingthattimeismoney,fastfoodisanidealchoice.Secondly,itisconvenient.Itissosimpletomakethatitcanbemadeinwholesaletocatertotheneedsofmorepeople.Thirdly,itischeapintermsofpricewhencomparedwiththefoodinChineserestaurants.Itisalsonotedforitshighqualityfood,goodsanitaryconditionandfirst-rateservice.

Theboomoffastfoodindustryshowsthatitispopular,especiallywiththeyounggeneration.Withfastfood,peoplemayhavemoresparetimetoreducethepressurefromworkandlife.Itcanalsofreepeoplefromtheburdenofhousework.Allinall,itsuitsthetastesofsomepeople.

范文2：

ThechangesinChineseprofessions

Asisshowninthecharts,morethanhalfoftheChinesewereengagedinagricultureinthe1980’s,abouttwenty-sevenpercentwereemployedinmanufacturing,whileonlyone-fifthwereworkingintheserviceindustry.However,only10yearslater,inthe1990’s,greatchangeshaveoccurredintheprofessionalpatterninchina,withagreatincreaseinthepeopleinvolvedbothinmanufacturingandserviceandacorrespondingshrinkageinagriculturalpopulation.

Thesedramaticchangescanbeexplainedbythetraditionaltheoryaboutaprimitiveeconomy.However,therearevariousotherreasonsforthesechanges.ThemostlikelyexplanationisthatthechangesshowtheeffectsofmoreefficientfarmingandincreasedurbanizationasaresultofChina’sopen-doorandeconomicreformpolicies.Besides,typicalofchina,agreatnumberoffarmersarenowworkinginvarioussmallbusinesseswithoutleavingtheirhomes,whichaccountsmainlyfortheincreaseinmanufacturingpopulation.AgaintheeconomicpoliciesresultinanimmenseimprovementintheChinesepeople’slivingstandard,whichcreatesahugedemandforserviceandthusenablestheserviceindustriestoflourishandabsorbsmoreandmorepeopleintothesefields.

Thesechangessignifythegreatachievementschinahasmade.Andtheyalsomarkagreatleapforwardonitswaytowardsbecomingaworld’seconomicpower.

3、利弊分析型

利弊分析型作文通常要求考生就某一事物或社会现象的利与弊进行分析、阐述，最后以个人评论或观点为结论。

一般利弊分析型结构模式:

第一段：

导言+优点。

简述事物或现象并列举说明其优点。

第二段：

缺点。

列举说明其弊端（注意以表转折的过渡词引导）。

第三段：

简要评论利弊关系或简述个人体会。

属于该模块的四级真题：

Positiveandnegativeaspectsofsports

本题型的写作重点在“advantages&disadvantages”，即利弊论述。

请看范文：

Thepositiveandnegativeeffectsofcomputers

Itisgenerallyacceptedthatcomputersbenefithumanbeingsinmanyways.Buttheyhavealsocausedmanyproblems.Apparently,computershavebothadvantagesanddisadvantages.

Computersarebeingusedmoreandmorewidelyintheworldtodayforthesimplestreasonthattheyarefarmoreefficientthanhumanbeings.Computershavemuchbettermemoriesandcanstorehugeamountsofinformation,andtheycandocalculationsinafractionofthetimetakenbyahumanmathematician.Infact，computerscandomanyofthethingswedo,butfasterandbetter.Theycanpaywages,reserveseatsonaplace,controlmachinesinfactories,workouttomorrow’sweather，andevenplaychess,writepoetry,orcomposemusic.Nowadays,itisveryconvenientandeconomicaltodoanythingontheinternet,suchassendingorreceivingEmail，shopping，advertising，makingfriends，andentertaining.Theglobewillbelikeanofficeorhome.Thisistheunprecedentedcharmofthecomputer.Inshort,computershavebeenmakingthewholeworldmuchmoreadvancedandcivilizedthaneverbefore.

However,computershavebeencreatingmanyproblems.Firstly,virusesarisefrequently,bringinggreattroublestomanypeople.Secondly,somecomputer“experts”makehugeamountofmoneybycheatingacomputersystem,andtheyareverydifficulttocatch.Whatismore,somepeopletransmitpornographicinformationorpicturesontheinternet,whichisharmfultoyoungpeople.

Despitetheirdisadvantages,computershavebroughtusfarmorebenefitsthantroubles.

利弊分析型的作文还包括两种变体题型，即只单纯进行好坏分析或只单纯进行危害分析。

在这两种题型写作中，结构模式有所调整：

优点分析型结构模式：

第一段：

导言+优点综述

第二段：

优点1

第三段:

优点2+结论

属于该模块的四级真题：

Advantagesofjobinterview

Harmfulnessoffakecommodities

请看范文：

Theadvantagesofplanningforsuccess

Everyonehopesforsuccessinlife,butnoteveryonecansucceed,evenafteryearsofhardwork.Sowhatisthebestwaytoincreaseourchancesofsuccess？

Isittotakeeveryriskorchancethatcomesalongandhopeforthebest?

Somepeoplecertainlydoachievesuccessthisway,buttheyarerate.Asamatteroffact,ourchancesofsucceedingaremuchgreaterifwecarefullyplanforoursuccess.

Planningforsuccessisbeneficialtousinseveralways.Foronething,byplanningwecanclearlyidentifyourgoalsandthestepswemusttaketoachievethem.Ifwedon’tknowwhatwewanttoachieve,weareunlikelytomakemuchprogress.Planningalsohelpsuskeepourgoalinmindand,thus,keepworkingtowardit.Anotherbenefitofcarefulplanningisthatwewillnotmissanyopportunitiesordeadlinesduetocarelessnessorinattention.Finally,byplanningforoursuccess,wewillbesuretodeveloptheskillsandknowledgeweneedtoachieveourgoals.Opportunitywilldousnogoodifwelacktheabilitytotakeadvantagesofitarrives.

Inconclusion,althoughacertainamountofrisktakingcanhelponetoachievesuccess,itcannotreplacethebenefitsofcarefulplanning.Ratherthanspeedourtimelookingforshortcutstosuccess,weshouldthinkaboutourgoalscarefullyandtaketheproperstepstowardachievingthem.Inthatway,wewillhavethegreatestchancesofsuccess.

危害分析型结构模式：

第一段:

导言。

简述某一问题的现状。

第二段：

陈述原因或危害。

列举问题起因或危害性。

第三段：

解决方案。

属于该模块的四级真题：

Globalshortageoffreshwater

Harmfulnessoffakecommodities

请看范文：

Drugtaking

Inrecentyears,drugtakingismoreandmorepopularinchina.Ithasspreadfromthecoasttotheinland,fromcitiestothecountry-ride.Thevictimsincludepeopleofallagesandrecentlydrugshavefoundtheirwaytoschoolsandarecarryingawaymoreandmoreteenagers.

Drugtakinghasalotofilleffectsonoursociety.Thosewhotakedrugalwaysdraintheirpreciouswealth，ruintheirhealthandfinallydeserttheirfamily.Furthermore,togetmoneyfordrugs,somedrugaddictsoftenhavetoresorttostealingandrobbingandthusreducethemselves.

Tosolvethisproblem,Ithink,governmentatalllevelsshouldsetupspecialhospitalstocuredrugaddictsandimpostmoreseverepunishmentondrugdealers.Theyshouldalsodoeverythingtomakethepublicawareoftheharmfulnessofdrugsanddrug-taking.Onlybyajointeffortbetweenthegovernmentandthepubliccanthisproblembesolvedefficiently.

4、观点对比型

观点对比型作文可以被视为利弊分析型作文的变体，因为这种类型的作文的实质同样是进行利弊分析，不同之处在于它不是直接陈述利弊，而是借用阐述人们针对某一事物或现象所持的对立观点的形式表述出来的。

结构模式：

第一段：

（导言）+观点A。

提出问题，阐明甲方观点及理由。

第二段：

观点B。

阐明乙方观点及理由。

第三段：

我的观点。

属于该模块的四级真题：

Isfailureabadthing?

Canmoneybuyhappiness？

Doluckynumbersreallybringluck?

IsatestofspokenEnglishnecessary?

本题型的写作重点在以对比方式展开两种对立观点。

请看范文：

Ismoneyallpowerful?

Moneyisconsideredbysomepeopletobethemostimportantthinginlife.Theythinkthatthemajorityofthematerialthingsinourdailylifehavetobeboughtwithmoneyandthatiftheyhavemoney,theycanmakethemselvesverycomfortablebyhavingafinehousetolivein,beautifulclothestowearanddeliciousfoodtoeat.

Butothersdon’tbelievethatmoneycanbuyeverything.Taketimeandhealthforexample.Manypeopleregrethavinglosttheirtime,andnomatterhowm