最新整理逆变器外文文献及翻译.docx

最新整理逆变器外文文献及翻译.docx

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最新整理逆变器外文文献及翻译

（完整）逆变器外文文献及翻译

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Inverter

1Introduction

Aninverterisanelectricaldevicethatconvertsdirectcurrent（DC）toalternatingcurrent（AC）;theconvertedACcanbeatanyrequiredvoltageandfrequencywiththeuseofappropriatetransformers，switching，andcontrolcircuits.Solid-stateinvertershavenomovingpartsandareusedinawiderangeofapplications,fromsmallswitchingpowersuppliesincomputers,tolargeelectricutilityhigh—voltagedirectcurrentapplicationsthattransportbulkpower.InvertersarecommonlyusedtosupplyACpowerfromDCsourcessuchassolarpanelsorbatteries.

Therearetwomaintypesofinverter。

Theoutputofamodifiedsinewaveinverterissimilartoasquarewaveoutputexceptthattheoutputgoestozerovoltsforatimebeforeswitchingpositiveornegative。

Itissimpleandlowcostandiscompatiblewithmostelectronicdevices，exceptforsensitiveorspecializedequipment，forexamplecertainlaserprinters.Apuresinewaveinverterproducesanearlyperfectsinewaveoutput（〈3％totalharmonicdistortion）thatisessentiallythesameasutility—suppliedgridpower.ThusitiscompatiblewithallACelectronicdevices。

Thisisthetypeusedingrid-tieinverters。

Itsdesignismorecomplex,andcosts5or10timesmoreperunitpowerTheelectricalinverterisahigh—powerelectronicoscillator.ItissonamedbecauseearlymechanicalACtoDCconvertersweremadetoworkinreverse，andthuswere”inverted"，toconvertDCtoAC.Theinverterperformstheoppositefunctionofarectifier。

2Applications

2。

1DCpowersourceutilization

AninverterconvertstheDCelectricityfromsourcessuchasbatteries，solarpanels,orfuelcellstoACelectricity。

Theelectricitycanbeatanyrequiredvoltage;inparticularitcanoperateACequipmentdesignedformainsoperation,orrectifiedtoproduceDCatanydesiredvoltageGridtieinverterscanfeedenergybackintothedistributionnetworkbecausetheyproducealternatingcurrentwiththesamewaveshapeandfrequencyassuppliedbythedistributionsystem.Theycanalsoswitchoffautomaticallyintheeventofablackout.Micro—invertersconvertdirectcurrentfromindividualsolarpanelsintoalternatingcurrentfortheelectricgrid.Theyaregridtiedesignsbydefault.

2.2Uninterruptiblepowersupplies

Anuninterruptiblepowersupply（UPS）usesbatteriesandaninvertertosupplyACpowerwhenmainpowerisnotavailable。

Whenmainpowerisrestored,arectifiersuppliesDCpowertorechargethebatteries.

2。

3Inductionheating

InvertersconvertlowfrequencymainACpowertoahigherfrequencyforuseininductionheating.Todothis，ACpowerisfirstrectifiedtoprovideDCpower.TheinverterthenchangestheDCpowertohighfrequencyACpower。

2.4HVDCpowertransmission

WithHVDCpowertransmission，ACpowerisrectifiedandhighvoltageDCpoweristransmittedtoanotherlocation。

Atthereceivinglocation，aninverterinastaticinverterplantconvertsthepowerbacktoAC.

2。

5Variable-frequencydrives

Avariable—frequencydrivecontrolstheoperatingspeedofanACmotorbycontrollingthefrequencyandvoltageofthepowersuppliedtothemotor。

Aninverterprovidesthecontrolledpower.Inmostcases，thevariable—frequencydriveincludesarectifiersothatDCpowerfortheinvertercanbeprovidedfrommainACpower.Sinceaninverteristhekeycomponent，variable—frequencydrivesaresometimescalledinverterdrivesorjustinverters。

2。

6Electricvehicledrives

Adjustablespeedmotorcontrolinvertersarecurrentlyusedtopowerthetractionmotorsinsomeelectricanddiesel—electricrailvehiclesaswellassomebatteryelectricvehiclesandhybridelectrichighwayvehiclessuchastheToyotaPriusandFiskerKarma.Variousimprovementsininvertertechnologyarebeingdevelopedspecificallyforelectricvehicleapplications。

［2］Invehicleswithregenerativebraking,theinverteralsotakespowerfromthemotor（nowactingasagenerator）andstoresitinthebatteries。

2。

7Thegeneralcase

AtransformerallowsACpowertobeconvertedtoanydesiredvoltage,butatthesamefrequency。

Inverters,plusrectifiersforDC,canbedesignedtoconvertfromanyvoltage，ACorDC，toanyothervoltage,alsoACorDC,atanydesiredfrequency。

Theoutputpowercanneverexceedtheinputpower,butefficienciescanbehigh,withasmallproportionofthepowerdissipatedaswasteheat。

3Circuitdescription

3.1Basicdesigns

Inonesimpleinvertercircuit，DCpowerisconnectedtoatransformerthroughthecentretapoftheprimarywinding。

AswitchisrapidlyswitchedbackandforthtoallowcurrenttoflowbacktotheDCsourcefollowingtwoalternatepathsthroughoneendoftheprimarywindingandthentheother.Thealternationofthedirectionofcurrentintheprimarywindingofthetransformerproducesalternatingcurrent（AC）inthesecondarycircuit。

Theelectromechanicalversionoftheswitchingdeviceincludestwostationarycontactsandaspringsupportedmovingcontact.Thespringholdsthemovablecontactagainstoneofthestationarycontactsandanelectromagnetpullsthemovablecontacttotheoppositestationarycontact.Thecurrentintheelectromagnetisinterruptedbytheactionoftheswitchsothattheswitchcontinuallyswitchesrapidlybackandforth。

Thistypeofelectromechanicalinverterswitch，calledavibratororbuzzer，wasonceusedinvacuumtubeautomobileradios。

Asimilarmechanismhasbeenusedindoorbells,buzzersandtattooguns.

Astheybecameavailablewithadequatepowerratings，transistorsandvariousothertypesofsemiconductorswitcheshavebeenincorporatedintoinvertercircuitdesigns

3。

2Outputwaveforms

Theswitchinthesimpleinverterdescribedabove，whennotcoupledtoanoutputtransformer,producesasquarevoltagewaveformduetoitssimpleoffandonnatureasopposedtothesinusoidalwaveformthatistheusualwaveformofanACpowersupply.UsingFourieranalysis,periodicwaveformsarerepresentedasthesumofaninfiniteseriesofsinewaves.Thesinewavethathasthesamefrequencyastheoriginalwaveformiscalledthefundamentalcomponent。

Theothersinewaves，calledharmonics，thatareincludedintheserieshavefrequenciesthatareintegralmultiplesofthefundamentalfrequency。

Thequalityofoutputwaveformthatisneededfromaninverterdependsonthecharacteristicsoftheconnectedload。

Someloadsneedanearlyperfectsinewavevoltagesupplyinordertoworkproperly。

Otherloadsmayworkquitewellwithasquarewavevoltage。

3.3Threephaseinverters

Three—phaseinvertersareusedforvariable—frequencydriveapplicationsandforhighpowerapplicationssuchasHVDCpowertransmission。

Abasicthree—phaseinverterconsistsofthreesingle-phaseinverterswitcheseachconnectedtooneofthethreeloadterminals.Forthemostbasiccontrolscheme,theoperationofthethreeswitchesiscoordinatedsothatoneswitchoperatesateach60degreepointofthefundamentaloutputwaveform.Thiscreatesaline—to-lineoutputwaveformthathassixsteps。

Thesix—stepwaveformhasazero-voltagestepbetweenthepositiveandnegativesectionsofthesquare-wavesuchthattheharmonicsthataremultiplesofthreeareeliminatedasdescribedabove.Whencarrier—basedPWMtechniquesareappliedtosix—stepwaveforms，thebasicoverallshape，orenvelope，ofthewaveformisretainedsothatthe3rdharmonicanditsmultiplesarecancelled

4History

4。

1Earlyinverters

Fromthelatenineteenthcenturythroughthemiddleofthetwentiethcentury,DC—to-ACpowerconversionwasaccomplishedusingrotaryconvertersormotor—generatorsets（M-Gsets）。

Intheearlytwentiethcentury,vacuumtubesandgasfilledtubesbegantobeusedasswitchesininvertercircuits。

Themostwidelyusedtypeoftubewasthethyratron。

Theoriginsofelectromechanicalinvertersexplainthesourceoftheterminverter.EarlyAC—to—DCconvertersusedaninductionorsynchronousACmotordirect—connectedtoagenerator（dynamo）sothatthegenerator’scommutatorreverseditsconnectionsatexactlytherightmomentstoproduceDC.Alaterdevelopmentisthesynchronousconverter，inwhichthemotorandgeneratorwindingsarecombinedintoonearmature,withslipringsatoneendandacommutatorattheotherandonlyonefieldframe。

TheresultwitheitherisAC—in，DC—out.WithanM—Gset,theDCcanbeconsideredtobeseparatelygeneratedfromtheAC；withasynchronousconverter，inacertainsenseitcanbeconsideredtobe”mechanicallyrectifiedAC”。

Giventherightauxiliaryandcontrolequipment,anM—Gsetorrotaryconvertercanbe"runbackwards”,convertingDCtoAC.Henceaninverterisaninvertedconverter.

4.2Controlledrectifierinverters

Sinceearlytransistorswerenotavailablewithsufficientvoltageandcurrentratingsformostinverterapplications,itwasthe1957introductionofthethyristororsilicon—controlledrectifier（SCR）thatinitiatedthetransitiontosolidstateinvertercircuits.

ThecommutationrequirementsofSCRsareakeyconsiderationinSCRcircuitdesigns。

SCRsdonotturnofforcommutateautomaticallywhenthegatecontrolsignalisshutoff。

Theyonlyturnoffwhentheforwardcurrentisreducedtobelowtheminimumholdingcurrent，whichvarieswitheachkindofSCR,throughsomeexternalprocess.ForSCRsconnectedtoanACpowersource，commutationoccursnaturallyeverytimethepolarityofthesourcevoltagereverses.SCRsconnectedtoaDCpowersourceusuallyrequireameansofforcedcommutationthatfor