国际商法英文笔记doc资料.docx

国际商法英文笔记doc资料.docx

《国际商法英文笔记doc资料.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《国际商法英文笔记doc资料.docx（14页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

国际商法英文笔记doc资料

国际商法英文笔记

Lesson1

I.Obligationandcontract

A.Definition

Anobligationisalegallinkbetweentwopersons :

accordingtoonebecomesthedebtorandacreditor.

Therearetwokindsofobligations:

-Abindingobligation:

somethingyouneedtocomplywith

-Anon-bindingobligation:

youmayfinishthecontractwithoutanyconsequences.

Allcontracts（legalrelationship）arebasedonthefreewill.

Obligationareanundertakingtogiveortonotgive,todoortodonotdo.

Contractisalegalact,whichmaterialisedtheexchangeoftwoconsents.

Thefirstthingyouhavetodoistocheckbythelegalregime,whichisapplicable:

isittheChineseortheFrenchlaw.Youhavetowonderwhatthedateofeffectivenessofthecontract.

Acontractcanbematerialisedbyanymeans:

oral,emails.

Everythingisamatterofevidenceinacontractualrelationship.

Theconsentshouldbeclearwithoutanyreserveorwithoutanyconditions.

Ifyouundertaketodosomethinginacontractyouarethedebtorandtheotherpartyisacreditor.

Ifyouhaveseveralcreditorsitcanbecomecomplicated:

iftheyarethreebuyersforyourhouse.Whoistherealcreditor?

Inthiscasethecontractorscanbejointlyliablebyobligation.Forinstanceifthreepeoplebuyahouseandoneofthemisdoingarenovation:

thethreecontractorsarejointlyliablebyobligation.

B.Definingtherightparty

Definingtheproperpartyisabigissue.Forexamplewhenyouarerentingahouse,youhavetocheckwhoisthereallandlord.

Relativeeffectofthecontract:

contractonlybindsthepeoplewhohavesignedthecontract:

theotherpeoplearecalledthirdparty.

Ifyouaresigningacontractwithasubsidiaryoftheholding,whichhasnomoney:

thesubsidiarymaynotbeabletorespectthecontract.Indeedacontractwithasubsidiary

CreatingacompanyinHongKongtakesoneweek.Youcanthuscreateasmallcompany（aninvestmentvehicle）inHongKongtoprotectyourinterestswithnewcontractors.

Normallythirdpartieshavenorighttoclaimtheeffectofthecontract,exceptifyouaskthethirdpartytobeaco-contractor.

Anotherpersonwhomaybeconcernbyacontractisadecedent.

C.Formalismofacontract

Mostofthetimetheformalisationofacontractarenotcompulsory.

Butmoreandmorecompaniesaskyoutosignlegalagreement.

Youmustcheckifthereisaformalismtothecontract.

Indeedtheissueistoprovethecontentoftheagreement.

Butwritingacontractcanbequiteusefulwhenyouwanttonegotiate.

Forinstanceyoucanalsowritedownthestepsoftheconversation,inordertoformalizetheconsentofthetwoparties.Understandingtheconsentoftheotherpartycanbereallydifficultespeciallyinanothercountry.Youmayhaveasysteminodertobesurethattheotherpartyunderstandswhatyouwant.

Indeedyouhavetocheckthattheconsentoftheotherpartyhasnotbeenfooled.

Youhavealsotochecktherequirements.Tradinggoldisregularisedbyspeciallaws.

Acontractcanbenotvalidtherequiredformalism.

Insomecaseyoursignatureisnotalwaysenough,youneedsometimesathirdparty.Thetaxregimecantotallychangeswithathirdparty.

Contractbetweentwopeoplehaveseveralrequirements:

-Thecapacityofthecontractors

-Theconsentmustbefree

-Insomecountriestheremustbefullawareness

Afranchisingcontract:

youcandecidetocreateashopofabigbrandifthecompanyagrees.Youpayandinexchangethebigcompanygivesyousomeknowledgeonhowtheirshopworkandsoone.

Disclosure:

doll

D.Conditionsofthevalidityofacontract.

Thereareseveralconditionsofthevalidityofacontract.

1）Thelegalcapacityisaconditionofthevalidityofacontract.

Thelegalcapacitymaybeaphysicalcapacity,ormentalcapacity.

Youarelegallyempoweredforacompanyifyouarethepositionlegalrepresentativeofacompany.Youhavethecapacitytosignthecontractinthenameofthecompany.

Themanagementbyfact:

insomecaseseventhoughyouarenotthelegalrepresentative,youmaysignthecontractandthecompanywillbeforcedtofulfilthecontract.Forexample,ifthecontractorcouldnotknowthatyouwerethelegalrepresentative.

Whenyouaresigningacontractwithacompanythecompaniesneedstobeestablished.

Forhumantheageofmajorityisalegalcapacity.

Acontractcanbenulandvoid.

2）Definetheobjectofthecontract

Pricing:

thepriceisnotalwaysfixedinacontract,youcanaskathirdpartytodeterminetheprice.Sometimesitishardtodeterminethepriceofanobject,youneedanexpert.

InEnglishlawyouneedacauseforthecontract.

Youneedtocheckhowtheconsentscanbeexpressedinacontract.

3）Theobjecthastobelegal.

4）Thelanguageofthecontractisaconditionofthevalidityofthecontract.

E.Contract’sprinciples

Contractmaynotbecancelledbyoneparty.

Youcanterminatethecontractinseveralcases:

-opentermcontractcanbefinishedatanytimebyoneofthepartybecausethelengthofthecontractisnotdeterminate.Sincetheabolitionofslavery,youcanfinishtherelationshipwheneveryouwant.

-ContractforlifeareusuallynulandvoidapartfromcertaincaselikeVIG

Thereareseveralkindofterminationofthecontract:

-Terminationofthecontractforthefuture

-Terminationofthecontractforthepast.

F.Theendofacontract

Terminationofthecontractforthefuture.

Theretroactivityisthefacttoputthetwopartiesinthesamepositionbeforethesignatureoftheparty.Inthecaseofthebreachofacontractyoucanaskthecontractortopayyouback.

G.Legalregime

Legalregimearereallysignificantasitdeterminatesthelawofwhichcountryisapplicable.

H.Thecontentofacontract

Contractscreaterightsandobligationsforseveralparties.

1）Sinegmalaticorreciprocalcontract:

theobligationtoonepartyislinkedtotheobligationoftheotherparty.Forexampleparty,onepartyhastheobligationtopayandtheotheronetodeliveraservice.

2）Unilateralcontract:

theobligationisonlyforoneparty.

Contractmaybeforfreeoragainstpayment.

Paymentcanbeprovidedbymoney,exchange,orservices.

Contractcanbebindingwithoutconditionorundercondition.

Youhavetwokindsofobligation.

-Theconditionprecedent:

iftheconditionisfulfilledthereisanewobligation:

thetriggereventthatenableyoutogoforward.Iagreetopaytherentofthehouse,untilthedeathoftheowner.Theissuanceofshareisprovidedwithcertainconditions.

-Theconditionsubsequent（conditionrésolutoire）:

whentheconditionisrealizedthecontractisfinished.

Therearetwokindofcontract

-Contractwithanopenterm（CDI）

-Contractwithafixterm（CDD）

-Instanceperformancecontract:

somecontractsareeffectiveimmediately.Youbuyabikeyouaredirectlytheownerofthebike

-Successiveperformancecontract.Howeversomecontractsneedsseveralsteps.Youbuildahouse,thereareseveralsteps.Successiveperformancecontractenablesyoutonegociate.

Differencebetweencivilcontract/administrativecontract/commercial

-Administrativearesubjectivecourses.Inmostcountrieslawsprotectconsumers.

-Commercialcontractaresubjectivetocommercialcourtswheretherearenoprofessionaljudges（youcanbejudgebyyourcompetitorsforinstance）.

-Civilcontract

Specificcontractswithspecificrulesdependingonthecountries.

I.Thedifferenttypesofcontract

1.Labourcontract

Insomecountriestheprotectionoftheemployeesarereallystrictintermsofhours.

Itisimportanttoknowthetaxregime.

Thelabourcontracthastobedraftedinthecountrywherethecompanyisandtheyaresubmittedtopublicregulation.

2.Theweddingcontract

Theweddingcontractorganisethegoodsofthecouple:

thecouplecandecidetoshareornottheirpatrimony.

Thereareseveralregimes:

Separationregime

3.Theagencycontract

Yourepresentapartyonitsnameanditsbehalf:

yougiveobligationtoathirdparty.

Theagencycontractisusuallyusedindistribution.

Therearespecificcontractsofterminationdependingonthecountry.

4.Logisticcontract

Logisticcontract:

agreementaccordingtowhichonepersonagreestotransportpeopleorgoodsonyourbehalf.

J.Leaseagreement

Leaseagreement:

theownerofanassetisrentingagoodinexchangeofarentalfeewhichisdefinedbythetwoparties.

Therenterhastogivebackthegoodtothelandlordinthesamestateastheorigin.

K.Consulting/serviceagreement

Apersonisprovidingaservicetothebenefitoftheprinciple.Itisnotthesameasalabourcontract:

theemployeeneedstogiveprotectiontoitsemployees.Aserviceprovidercanorganisehisworkashewants,whereasaworkerisunderthesubordinationofitsemployee.

Withholdingtaxsystem:

Publicorderregulationhasalwaystobechecked.

L.Howtomakeacontract?

Youhavetocheckwhatarethemarketpracticesofthiscontract:

indeedsometimesyouneedtodopreliminarynegotiation.

Thereareseveralsteps:

1）Therearepreliminarystepsforthenegotiation:

youwantfirsttodeterminethemainprinciples.

2）Assigning

3）Closing:

theycheckifalltheelementshavebeenrealizedornot

1.Thedifferentstepsofacontract

1）Identificationsoftheparties,

2）Definitionoftheterms

Intherecitalsweexplaintheelementsofthecontract:

theobject,thecause,theoffer,theacceptance.

Guaranteescantakedifferentforms:

-thirdpartiesguaranty

-bankguaranty:

bestguaranty

-mortgage:

youborrowmoneyfromsomeoneandifyoudon’tpayyouwillhavetogivethemortgageback.

-lean:

Theterminationclause:

modalitieswaystoend（préavis）.

Thedefaultin