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胡壮麟语言学复习及答案
胡壮麟语言学复习及答案
ChapterI Introduction
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.
2.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.
3.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.
4.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.
5.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.
6.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.
7.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.
8.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.
9.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.
10.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.
11.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.
12.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.
13.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.
14.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.
15.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.
16.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.
17.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.
18.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.
19Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthewrittenlanguage.
20.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.deSaussure.
II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
21. Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser’sk__________oftherulesofhislanguage.
22.Languereferstothea__________linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.
23.D_________isoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothepheno广告网址nthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:
alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.
24.Languageisasystemofa_________vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
25.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds________.
26.Humancapacityforlanguagehasag____basis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.
27.P____referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.
28.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasa________linguistics.
29.Languageisp___________inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.
30.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthes____studyoflanguage.
III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.
31.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe______________.
A.prescriptive B.analytic
C.descriptive D.linguistic
32.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?
A.Arbitrariness B.Displacement
C.Duality D.Meaningfulness
33.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas____________.
A.primary B.correctC.secondary D.stable
34.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because___________.
A. inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting
B. speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.
C. speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongueD. Alloftheabove
35.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa____studyoflanguage.
A.synchronic B.diachronic
C.prescriptive D.comparative
36.Saussuretooka(n)__________viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma________pointofview.
A.sociological…psychological B.psychological…sociological
C.applied…pragmatic D.semanticandlinguistic
37.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,____referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.
A.parole B.performanceC.langue D.Language
38.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_________andmeanings.
A.sense B.soundsC.objects D.ideas
39.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_________,
A.displacement B.dualityC.flexibility D.culturaltransmission
40.Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthrough____,ratherthanbyinstinct.
A.learning B.teachingC.books D.bothAandB
IV.Definethefollowingterms:
41.Linguistics 42.Phonology 43.Syntax 44.Pragmatics
45.Psycholinguistics 46.Language 47.Phonetics 48.Morphology 49.Semantics 50.Sociolinguistics 51.AppliedLinguistics52.Arbitrariness 53Productivity 54.Displacement 55.Duality 56.DesignFeatures57.Competence 58Performance 59.Langue 60Parole
V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamples forillustrationifnecessary:
61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedfor humancommunication.Explainitindetail.
62.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?
Illustratethemwithexamples.
63.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?
64.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?
65.Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?
66.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?
67.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?
68.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?
69.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?
Why?
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
l.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F
11.T 12.T 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F 19.F 20.F
II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
21.knowledge 22.abstract 23.Duality 24.arbitrary
25.syntax 26.genetic27.Parole 28.applied 29.productive
30.scientific(orsystematic)
III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.
3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.D
IV.Definethefollowingterms:
41. Linguistics:
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.
42. Phonology:
Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.
43. Syntax:
Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax..
44. Pragmatics:
Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.
45. Psycholinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.
46. Language:
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
47. Phonetics:
Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.
48. Morphology:
Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.
49. Semantics:
Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.
50. Sociolinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.
51. Appliedlinguistics:
Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.
52. Arbitrariness:
Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds
53. Productivity:
Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossiblethecon-structionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.
54. Displacement:
Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker
55. Duality:
Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.
56. Designfeatures:
Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication
57. Competence:
Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser'sknow