The Evolution of Aframericans Roles in History美国黑人在历史上角色的演变研究.docx
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TheEvolutionofAframericansRolesinHistory美国黑人在历史上角色的演变研究
摘要
所谓美国黑人,是历史上被欧洲殖民者劫运到美国的非洲黑人奴隶的后裔,又称非洲裔美国人。
属尼格罗人种。
其中2/3为黑白混血种人。
通用英语。
美国黑人在历史上起过重要作用,他们积极参加美国独立战争和反法西斯战争,屡立战功。
对发展美国的经济文化也作出了很大贡献,他们一直是美国农业的主要力量;在钢铁工业中黑人工人约占1/3,在汽车工业中约占半数;在音乐、文艺、体育方面,黑人的成就更为显著。
本文主要从称谓,政治,经济,黑人英语,以及文化等方面来研究美国黑人在历史上角色的演变,充分考察了美国历史文化,选取在各个领域最有代表的美国黑人以及对美国黑人地位演变有着巨大推动作用的人物,从正面和侧面来证明如下结论:
美国黑人从奴隶到总统这漫长的历史中,在实现族种平等摆脱奴隶制度的艰难过程中,付出了血与泪的代价;美国黑人角色的演变和地位的提高标志着美国民主制度的逐步完善。
推而广之,一个种族,一类群体要想在其所属的领域占有一席之地,有所建树,是要从各个方面来提升自己并拼搏的,即中国古语所说的文武双全;反之,要看一个种族,一类群体是否在其所属的领域地位和角色有所提升,是要从各个方面考察的。
总之,道路是曲折的,可是,前途却是光明的。
关键词:
奴隶制度美国黑人角色演变
ABSTRACT
African-AmericansarepersonsfromAmericawhoaremembersofaraceofpeoplewhohavedarkskin,originallyfromAfrica.TheyweretransportedtotheUnitedStatesbyEuropeancolonizersandcalledAfrican,Negro,Colored,andBlackinhistory.TheoriginalroleoftheAfricanAmericansinAmericansocietyisAfricanslaves.Thoughtheylivedinpooraccommodationsandlackedadequatefood,theymadeaverypositivecontributiontoAmericansocietyinhistory.(Pollard,2004)
ThisstudyismainlyconcernsontheevolutionofAfrican-Americans’role-playinAmericansocietyfromthefollowingaspects:
appellation,politics,economy,BlackEnglish,literature,etc;thisstudyisthroughgreatinformationaboutAmericanhistoryandculture,conspicuousrepresentativesfromrespectivefieldtoanalyzingAfrican-Americans’evolutionaryrolesindetaildirectlyorindirectly.
Fromthispaper,someconclusionscanbedrawn.Intheprocessofslippingslavery,fulfillingracialequality,improvingAmericandemocraticsystem,African-AmericansplayasignificantroleinAmericansociety.TheydeserveahigherstatusinAmericansocietyafterallthatlife-longhardworkwithterriblecostoftherevolutionindeathandsuffering.
Throughanalyzingthat,getadeeperconclusionthatitneedall-roundpromotioninimprovingtheroleofsomegroupofweakraceorminorityinsocietythoughbleedinganddifficultitmaybe.Weshouldrespectthem.Theirexperiencesprovethatprocessiswinding,andfutureispromising.
Keyword:
SlaveryAfricanAmericanEvolutionaryRole
目录
1.引言1
1.1美国黑人的定义2
1.2美国黑人的原始角色及概况2
1.3制约美国黑人发展的因素3
2从称谓变化看美国黑人的角色演变4
2.1非洲人4
2.2有色人4
2.3尼格罗5
2.4黑人5
2.5非洲裔美国人6
3从政治和经济角度看美国黑人角色演变8
3.1亚伯拉罕·林肯的《解放黑人奴隶宣言》8
3.2马丁·路德·金的《我有一个梦想》12
3.3芭芭拉·乔丹的正义之声14
3.4贝拉克·奥巴马的“是的,我们可以”16
3.5美国黑人对经济所做出的贡献20
4从黑人英语看美国黑人角色演变21
4.1黑人英语概述21
4.2黑人英语的起源21
4.3黑人英语的地位24
5从文化角度看美国黑人角色演变25
5.1音乐25
5.2体育27
5.3文学27
结论29
致谢30
参考文献30
CONTENTS
1.Introduction1
1.1TheDefinitionofAfricanAmericans2
1.2TheOriginalRoleofAfricanAmericans2
1.3TheMainFactorsthatshapeAfricanAmericans3
2TheEvolutioninAppellation4
2.1African4
2.2Colored4
2.3Negro5
2.4Black5
2.5AfricanAmerican6
3TheEvolutionofAframericans’RolesinPoliticsandEconomy8
3.1AbrahamLincolnandtheEmancipationProclamation8
3.2MartinLutherKingandIHaveaDream12
3.3BarbaraJordanandHerVoiceforJustice14
3.4BarackObamaandYesWeCan17
3.5AfricanAmerican’sContributiontoEconomy20
4BlackEnglish22
4.1IntroductionofBlackEnglish22
4.2TheHistoricalOriginsofBlackEnglish22
4.3TheRoleofBlackEnglish25
5TheEvolutionofAframericans’RolesinCulture26
5.1Music26
5.2Sports28
5.3Literature28
Conclusion30
Acknowledgements31
Bibliography32
1.Introduction
TheMainFactorsthatshapeAfricanAmericanswastheirculturaldifferencesfromtheEuropeanAmericansexcludedthemfromequalparticipationinAmericansocietythroughformalandinformalbarriersandtheirhistoricalcircumstances.(Robertson,1986)SotheoriginalroleofAfrican-Americanwasverylow.Theywerenotallowedtomarry,beeducatedorworkindependently.Sincetheywerenotallowedtopracticetheirculturalactivitiesorspeaktheirnativelanguages,theylosttheirAfricancultureandlanguagecompletely.Theyworkedlongdays,didnothavemuchofafamilylife,andwerelynchedforviolationoftherulessetbytheirowners.Theylivedinpooraccommodationsandlackedadequatefood.(Pollard,2004)
Slaverywasoutlawedin1780inthenorthernstates.AttheendoftheUSCivilWar(1865),slaverywasabolishedeverywhereintheUnitedStates.Legalsegregationslowlyended,beginningwithPresidentTruman’sdirective(1948)toensegregationintheUSmilitaryandtheUSSupremeCourtdecision(1954)inthecaseofBrownvs.theBroadofEducationofTopeka,Kansas.TheCivilRightsMovementledbyMartinLutherKing,Jr.finallydesegregatedtheSouthinthe1960’s.TheCivilRightsAct(1964-1965)integratedminorities,womenandotherdisadvantagedpeopleintotheworkforce.InspiteoftheselawsandAffirmativeActionwhichgivespreferentialtreatmenttowomenandminorities,discriminationinemploymentandhousingstillexists.Bythe1990’smoreeducationalandemploymentopportunitiesforAfricanAmericansandotherminoritiesbecameavailable.However,becauseAffirmativeActionhasbeencontroversialsinceitsinception,ithasbeenchallengedandeliminatedinsomestates.(Almes,2004)
AlargesegmentoftheBlackAfrican-Americanpopulationwastrappedinghettoes,areasinacitywhereminoritygroupslived,oftenbecauseofpressurefromthemajoritygroup.Unemployment,poverty,infantmortality,andalowerstatusinsocietywerecommoninghettoes.Asmembersofanunderclasssincethedaysofslavery,onlyalimitednumberofeducatedBlacksenjoyedthemoderateeconomicgainsbetweenthe1970’sand1990’s.
ThispaperwillfirstconcernonthebackgroundoftheAfricanAmericans,andthenmakeananalysisthechangingoftherolesfromseveralaspects,suchaspolitics,economy,andappellation,language,etc.Thenlistingthechangingrolesduringthelongprocess,atlastgivesaconclusionoftheevolutionofAfricanAmericans’rolesfromanalysisandcomparison.
TheAfrican-AmericanisaparticulargroupinAmerica.RacialdiscriminationisaparticularphenomenoninAmericansociety.SlaveryisaparticularsysteminAmericanhistory.Itdeservesstudy.
ThispapergivesthespecificdetailsthatAfricanAmerican’srole-playinAmericafromfiveaspects,suchasappellation,politics,economy,BlackEnglish,literature.Maybetherearesomethingthatnotsothoughtfuloraccurate.Pleasegiveyourprevioussuggestions.
1.1TheDefinitionofAfricanAmericans
WhatisthemeaningofAfrican-American?
Macroscopicallyspeaking,African-AmericanisapersonfromAmericawhoisamemberofaraceofpeoplewhohavedarkskin,originallyfromAfrica.Microcosmicallyspeaking,African-AmericansarealsocalledAfro-AmericansorAfromericans,whichweretransportedunlawfullytotheUnitedStatesbytheEuropeancolonizersinhistory.
1.2TheOriginalRoleofAfricanAmericans
Beginningin1619AfricanswereimportedtotheUnitedStatesasslavestoworkonthecotton,tobaccoandplantations.Gradually,aracistideologydeveloped.AfricanslaveswerecalledNegroandstereotypedassubhuman,innatelyirresponsible,stupid,lazyandpromiscuous.Theywerenotallowedtomarry,beeducatedorworkindependently.Sincetheywerenotallowedtopracticetheirculturalactivitiesorspeaktheirnativelanguages,theylosttheirAfricancultureandlanguagecompletely.Theyworkedlongdays,didnothavemuchofafamilylife,andwerelynchedforviolationoftherulessetbytheirowners.Theylivedinpooraccommodationsandlackedadequatefood.
AlargesegmentoftheBlackAfrican-Americanpopulationwastrappedinghettoes,areasinacitywhereminoritygroupslived,oftenbecauseofpressurefromthemajoritygroup.Unemployment,poverty,infantmortality,andalowerstatusinsocietywerecommoninghettoes.Asmembersofanunderclasssincethedaysofslavery,onlyalimitednumberofeducatedBlacksenjoyedthemoderateeconomicgainsbetweenthe1970’sand1990’s.
IntheUnitedStates,raceisaveryimportantissue.Raceguidesthebehavior,education,opportunitiesandresourcesofAmericans.DominantEuro-Americanshavetraditionallyheldpoliticalandeconomicpower.SincemanyEuro-AmericansconsidertheUnitedStatesastheircountry,psychologicallytheydonotseemtoacceptminorityAmericanswhoconstitutetheother20%ofthepopulation.BytheendofthetwentiethcenturytheAmericanracial/ethnicpopulationwasapproximately:
Table2.1theAmericanracial/ethnicpopulation
Race
1980
1990
(projected)2000
Euro-Americans
194,713,000
208,710,000
225,532,000
Black
26,683,000
30,4486,000
35,454,000
NativeAmerican
1,420,000
2,065,000
2,402,000
TheDeclarationofIndependenceproclaimedthatallmenarecreatedequalandhaverightstolife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.TomasJefferson,whowrotetheDeclarationofIndependence,ownedslaves.OtherswhosignedthedocumentalsohadslavesandheldnegativeattitudestowardalargenumberofBlackAfrican-AmericansformerlycalledNegroes.Asamatteroffact,manyoftheleadersinthecolonieswhofoughtforAmericanindependenceownedslaves.ThiswastrueintheNortherncoloniesaswellastheSouthernones.OneexampleisthefamousAmericandiplomat,inventorandbusinessmanBenjaminFranklin.Heownedslavesforthirtyyearsandsoldthemathisgeneralstore.Buthisideasaboutslaverychangedduringhislonglife.BenjaminFranklinstartedthefirstschoolstoteachblacksandlaterarguedfortheirfreedom.(Pollard,2004)
1.3TheMainFactorsthatshapeAfricanAmericans
AccordingtoJanRobertson,twofactorshaveshapedtheconditionsofnon-EuropeansintheUnitedStates.First,theirculturaldifferencesfromtheEuropeanAmericansexcludedthemfromequal