高级英语写作讲义.docx

高级英语写作讲义.docx

《高级英语写作讲义.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《高级英语写作讲义.docx（22页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

高级英语写作讲义

句子结构及段落写作

Sentencestructureandparagraphwriting

句子结构

Simplesentences:

1.Runningforthechairmanofthestudentsunionheldourattentionformorethanthreehours.

2.Passengersstoodinlinesintheticketbookinghallwaitingfortheirturnstobuytraintickets.

3.Thepoliceofficerstoppedthepickpocketfromstealingacustomer’swalletbyseizinghishands.

4.Itwasdecidedtobringupthemattertothestudentsmeetingfordiscussion.

5.Toseeonetimeisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.

6.Howmuchdoesitcosttohaveallthesepagesphotocopiedinthatstore?

7.Nostretchofimaginationcouldvisualizeanythinghalfsolovelyandsobeautiful.

8.Ihaveenoughtodotoattendtomyfirstforeignlanguage,tosaynothingofattemptingasecond.

9.Byhersignificantlookshehasasgoodastoldthesecret.

Compoundsentences:

1.Thegiantmotordoes,nodoubt,playthekeyrole,butthetinyscrewmaydeterminequiteasmuch.

2.Troubleisthenextbestthingtoenjoyment;thereisnofateintheworldsohorribleastohavenoshareineitheritsjoysorsorrows.

3.Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem.

4.Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.

Complexsentences:

1.Mancannomorehelpcravingforexpressionthanbirdscanhelpsinging.

2.Iftheycanfinishitinthreehoursweshouldhavenodifficultyinaccomplishingitinasfew.

3.Theschoolboyaddressedtheaugustaudiencewithnomorefearthanifhehadbeentalkingtoagroupofhisplaymates

4.WhathesaidjustnowiswhatIwanttosay.

Compoundcomplexsentences:

1.Theexpresselevatorisnotoperatingtoday,sotheelevatorsthatstopateveryfloorwillhandleallthepeople.

2.Thedifferencebetweenusliesinthatwethinkindifferentways,maybethegenerationgap,butthedifferencebetweenyoutwoliesinthatyoudothingsindifferentwaysandthinkinthesameway.

3.Ashewalkedalong,hesangtohimself,forhefeltespeciallystrongandhappythatday.

4.Iaskedamanwhohasawifeandanineteen-year-olddaughterwhodidthecookingathomeandherepliedthatwhoevercamehomefromworkfirstdidit.

段落写作练习

Whatmakesagoodparagraph?

FiveElementsofaParagraph

Awellwrittenparagraphcontainsfiveelements:

1.Atopicsentence

2.Supportingsentences

3.Concludingsentence

4.Unity

5.coherence

ParagraphStructure

1.Atopicsentence

2.Supportingsentences

SupportA

SupportB

SupportC

3.Concludingsentence

Lookatthefollowingparagraphs:

tolocatethetopicsentenceandtoanalyzehowitisorganized.

Gold

Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.Firstofall,goldhasalustrous（glowing）beautythatisresistanttocorrosion.（Chemicaldamage）.Therefore,itissuitableforjewelry,coins,andornamentalpurposes.Goldneverneedstobepolishedandwillremainbeautifulforever.Forexample,aMacedoniancoinremainsasuntarnishedtodayasthedayitwasmintedtwenty-threecenturiesago.Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience.Formanyyears,ithasbeenusedinhundredsofindustrialapplications.Themostrecentuseofgoldisinastronauts’suits.Astronautsweargold-platedheadshieldsforprotectionoutsidespaceships.Inconclusion,goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeautybutalsoforitsutility.

TheTopicsentence

vThetopicsentencestatesthemainideaoftheparagraph.

vItconsistsoftwoparts:

thetopicandthecontrollingideas.

vThetopicnamesthesubjectormainideaoftheparagraph.

vThecontrollingideamakesaspecificcommentaboutthetopic,whichindicateswhattherestoftheparagraphwillsayaboutthetopic.Itlinksorcontrolsthetopictooneortwospecificaspectsofthetopictobediscussedinthespaceofasingleparagraph.

vThetopicsentenceisacompletesentence.Itcontainsasubject,averbandusuallyacomplement.

vIdentifythetopicsentenceintheparagraph.Whatisthetopicandwhatisthecontrollingidea?

E.g...Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.

vGold（thetopic）,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics（controllingidea）.

vInthisexample,thetopicisnamed:

gold.Andspecificcommentisthenmadeaboutthetopic:

twoimportantcharacteristics.Fromthissentence,thereaderimmediatelyknowsthesupportingsentencesintheremainderoftheparagraphexplainthetwocharacteristicsandperhapsgivesomeexamples.

vOnemoreexample:

vConveniencefoods（thetopic）,areeasytoprepare（controllingidea）.

vInthisexamplethetopicisnamed:

conveniencefoodsandspecificcommentisthenmadeaboutthetopic:

theyareeasytoprepare.Fromthissentence,thereaderimmediatelyknowsthesupportingsentencesinthereminderoftheparagraphwillexplainorprovehowquickandeasyitistoprepareconvenientfoods,andperhapsgivesomeexamples（fromdinners,cannedsoups,etc）

Studythefollowingparagraphs:

tolocatethetopicsentence

Hurricanes

Hurricanes,whicharealsocalledcyclones,exerttremendouspower.Theseviolentstormsareoftenahundredmilesindiameter,andtheirwindscanreachvelocities（speed）ofseventy-fivemilesperhourormore.Furthermore,thestrongwindsandheavyrainfallthataccompanythemcancompletelydestroyasmalltowninacoupleofhours.Theenergythatisreleasedbyahurricaneinonedayexceedsthetotalenergyconsumedbyhumankindthroughouttheworldinoneyear.

Synonyms

Synonyms,wordsthathavethesamebasicmeaning,donotalwayshavethesameemotionalmeaning.Forexample,thewordsstingyandfrugalbothmean‘carefulwithmoney.’however,tocallapersonstingyisaninsult,whilethewordfrugalhasamuchmorepositiveconnotation.Similarly,apersonwanttobeslenderbutnotskinny,andaggressivebutnotpushy.Therefore,youshouldbecarefulinchoosingwordsbecausemanyso-calledsynonymsarenotreallysynonymousatall.

MedicalMiraclestoCome

Bytheyear2009,avaccineagainstthecommoncoldwillhavebeendeveloped.Bythesameyear,thefirsthumanwillhavebeensuccessfullycloned.Bytheyear2014,parentswillbeabletocreatedesignerchildren.Generictherapywillbeabletomanipulategenesforabilities,intelligence,andhair,eye,andskincolor.By2020,mostdiseaseswillbeabletobediagnosedandtreatedathome,andby2030,cancerandheartdiseasewillhavebeenwipedout.Thesearejustafewexamplesofmedicalmiraclesthatareexpectedinthenextfewdecades.

Positionofthetopicsentence

vThetopicsentencemaybethefirstorlastsentenceinaparagraph.

vThetopicsentencemayalsobethefirstandlastsentenceoftheparagraph---‘sandwich-style’

vAsandwich-styleparagraphisespeciallyhelpfultoyourreaderiftheparagraphisverylong.Thesecondtopicsentenceinthesandwich-styleparagraphalsoservesasaconcludingsentence.

Twomoreexamplesofparagraphs:

topicsentences+supportingsentences:

Topicsentence:

Smokingcigarettescanbeanexpensivehabit.

Support:

1.anaveragesmokersmilesonepackaday,whichcostsaboutfiveYuan.

2.TheannualexpenseforthissmokerisY5x365=Y1825

3.Thesmokermustalsopayforextracleaningofcarpeting,furnitureandcloses.

Topicsentence:

Thetownshipresorthasnearlysolvedourlocalemploymentproblem.

Support:

1.Theunemploymentratehasdroppedfrom19%in2003to5%in2007.

2.Thetouristindustryhascreatedmanyjobs.

a）Threenewhotelshaveopenedupintown.

b）FivenewstoreshaveopeneduponBeach

c）Tourist-relatedindustrieshaveopenedupsuchas…

3.Theresorthasattractedtwonon-touristcompanies.

Practice:

I.Studythefollowinggroupsofsentences.Circlethenumberofthebettertopicsentence.

1.TherearemanythingsthatmakelearningtheEnglishlanguagedifficult.

2.WhatmakesEnglishparticularlydifficulttolearnispronunciation.

3.Enrollingincollegeisnotaneasytask.

4.RegistrationatStateCollegeisapainfulprocess.

5.GonewiththeWindmaybeanoldmovie,butitisstillagoodmovie.

6.TheactinginGonewiththeWindwassuperb.

7.ThewidevarietyofmerchandisemakesSearsconvenient.

8.Thehome-repairdepartmentinSearsisconvenient.

9.ThearchitectureinChicagoreflectstrendsinmoderndesign.

10.Chicagoisaninterestingcitybecauseofitshistory,architectureandsportsactivities.

II.Studythefollowingsentences.Ifthesentencecanbeusedasatopicsentence,writeYesintheblank;ifitcannot,writeNo.

1._________WhatIknowaboutouruniversityandourcollege.

2._________ThedifferencesbetweenMandarincuisineandHunancuisine.

3._________IwouldliketodiscussmyviewsontheOlympicGames.

4._________Knowingaforeignlanguagecanbebeneficialtoanyone.

5._________WhydoIwanttobealawyer?

6._________BeingapunctualpersonisveryimportantinAmerica.

7._________Iamgoingtodescribemyhometown.

8._________Studentsshouldbeallowedtomanagethebookstore.

9._________TherearemanysimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenNewYorkandHongKong.

10._________WhenIfirstcametotheUnitedStates,Iwasn’tusedtoeatinginfast-foodplaces,andIwasamazedattheshoppingcenters.

11._________Cowsproducemilk.

12._________Themilkcowsproduceisnotalwaysfitforhumanconsumption.

13._________Theadvantagesofgoingtouniversityfaroutweighthedisadvantages.

14._________Herfearofthedarkhasmadeherlifemiserable.

III.Studythefollowingstatements,whichcannotbeusedastopicsentences.Rewriteeachofthemtomakeitatopicsentenceandthenprovidetwosupportingsentencesfortwothreeofthem.

1.IamgoingtoexplainwhyIdecidetogotocollege.

2.Thehazar