Stereotypes of the Arabs and Chinese A Study on Intercultural Communication.docx

Stereotypes of the Arabs and Chinese A Study on Intercultural Communication.docx

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StereotypesoftheArabsandChineseAStudyonInterculturalCommunication

StereotypesoftheArabsandChineseAStudyonInterculturalCommunication

　　SharahiliReceived25November2014;accepted26January2015

　　Publishedonline26February2015

　　Abstract

　　XXX

　　XXX

　　Keywords:

ArabsandChinese;Stereotypes;Interculturalcommunication

　　INTRODUCTION

　　Researchersinthefieldofsocialpsychologyhavenoticedtheimportanceofimagecognitionandinherentexperienceforaperson'spositiononthepoliticalandsocialissues.Theytriedtodefinetheircharacteristics,influencesanddevelopment.SocialpsychologistWalterLippmann（1992）putforwardtheconceptofimagecognitionforthefirsttimeonthepublicopinionsandpointedoutthathumanbeingsmustdefinetherealworldthroughimagecognitionmeasuresowingtothefinitenessofcognitionandlimitationofability.Borjars（1999）setthestandardofscientificcognitionforthemassestodiscriminateoneselffromotherpeopleandmadeeffortstoapplythesaidstandardtoagroupofAmericansaimingattheexperimentofdifferentiatingpeoplefromEngland,Poland,KoreaandSwedenfouryears.

　　Scientistsinthefieldofpsychologicalresearchemphasizetheimagecognitionisgottenfromdirectexperienceofapersonbycontactingwithotherindividualsandorganizationorfrommediaindirectly,thusindicatingcommunicatebetweenindividualsandamonggroupsaremainfactorsconstructingimagecognition.

　　Theterm“image”referstothecloselinkbetweencommunicationandimagecognition.Variousdefinitionsemphasizethefunctionofintercoursesintheformationofimagecognition.Inthisregardwecaninterpretthatthementalpictureisthefinalproductofimpressionsoftheselfonthingswithcertainamountofinformationbytheorganizationorthemasses.

　　Accordingly,theattentionontheresearchonimagewasdivertedtomediastudyfrom1960s.“LeeBristol（1960）”publishedDevelopmentofImageCognitionandmadeanimportantcontributiontothespreadoftheconceptofmedia,tradingandpoliticalground.WiththepublicationofInternationalbehavior:

Asocial-psychologicalanalysis,theworksofHerbertKelman（1965）andhiscolleagues,theattentiononimagecognitionwasextendedtothefieldofinternationalrelations.Thebookdiscussedthefunctionofcommunicationintheformationofconceptualimageintheheartofanationoracountryorpeopleofothercountriesandgeneratedthetermas“nationalimage”.

　　Theimageisinterrelatedwiththeinterculturalcommunication.Theinterculturalcommunicationisacriticalfactorconstructingself-imagecognitionofthemassesandsocialgroups.Similarly,thefixedimagecognitionplaysanimportantroleinthesuccessfulcommunicationofculture.Therearemanyavenuesforinterculturalcommunicationtoday.Inthisregard,tourismcanbeseenasoneoftheavenuesforinterculturalcommunication.　　Warmakesinterculturalcontacts.Travelnoteintroducingalsomakebridgesbetweencultures.

　　Filmisoneofthemostimportantmeansofculturalexchangeandcontacts.Itcanbuildapositiveornegativeimageintheaudience.Internethasbecomeaveryimportantmeansofculturalexchange.Educationmakescontactwithmanyofhostcultures.Itisoneofthemainapproachesforagrouptoformimagecognition.

　　Languagecarriestheculturalfactors.Eachsocietyfixesitsculturalimagethroughlanguage.Languagebecomesthemeansoftransmittingtheculture,suchasthepopularityofFrenchinAlgeria,MoroccoandTunisia,etc…

　　Exchangevisitsandcommunicationactivitiesamongmissionstogovernmentsandcivilmissionsareimportantmeansofculturalexchange,strengthendiplomaticrelationsbetweentwocountriesandarebeneficialtotheexchangevisitsandseminarbetweentwocountries.Economicandtradelinksmakegreatcontributiontotheculturalexchange.SalesofChinesegoodsinAfricanareabringtheculturallinksbetweenChinaandAfricaandformtheimagecognitiononChinesepeoplefarawayintheheartsofAfricanpeople.

　　Inrecentyears,peoplepaymoreattentiontotheresearchonimagecognitionintheworld.Countriesandgovernmentshopetoestablishagoodpictureinternationallyandpromotethedevelopmentbyutilizingtheresultsofthisresearch.Miscommunicationisnotonlyacausingfactortodamagethecountry’simagebutalsodamagesthecontactswithothercountriesandsometimeraisesclasheswiththem.

　　1.THEIMPORTANCEOFTHISRESEARCHPROJECT

　　Intheforegoing,variouschannelsofculturalcommunicationandcloselinksbetweenimagecognitionandculturaltransmissionhavebeenlisted.Theculturaltransmission,whichisthebasicapproachtoconstructtheimagecognitiononanationandsocialgroupbyothernationsandsocialgroups,couldenhanceorrestrictthetransmissionofakindofimageamongothergroups.Thesociallife,politicallifeandeconomiclifeinChinaorArabcountrieschangegreatly.Therefore,themediashallundertakethetaskofconstructingtheimagecognitionoftwocountrieswiththeconsiderationofthedifferencesandvarietiesofculturesandenvironmentsaswellasthedifferencebetweenresearchesofMediaoftwosocieties.

　　2.RESEARCHPROBLEMS

　　?

WhatistheimagecognitionoftheArabsonChinesepeopleandviceversa?

　　?

WhatarethefactorsaffectingtheconstructionofimageofChinesepeopleintheheartsoftheArabs?

　　?

WhatarethefactorsaffectingtheconstructionofimageoftheArabsintheheartsofChinesepeople?

　　?

WhatarethecommunicationapproachesplayingtheimportantroleintheconstructionofimageofChinesepeopleintheheartsoftheArabs?

　　?

WhatthecommunicationapproachesplayingtheimportantroleintheconstructionofimageoftheArabsintheheartsofChinesepeople?

　　3.THEHYPOTHESES

　　H1=TherearedifferencesintheArabandChineseimagebeforeandafter2000.

　　H2=ThereisabadimageonChineseimportedproductsintheArabicworld.

　　H3=TherearenoenoughattemptsbeingtakenbyforeignmissiontopromotetheirAraborChineseculture.

　　H4=ThereareErroneousastereotypesinbothChinaandArab,andtherearenoeffortsofthemediatocorrectthestereotype.

　　4.LITERATUREREVIEW

　　Researchershavetriedvariousresearchesonthesubjectandthinkthatthebestresearchapproachistostudythelinksbetweenculturaltransmissionandimagecognition.

　　Someresearchersoncepointedoutthatculturaltransmissionistheearliestwayofcommunicationbetweendifferentnationsandthepeople.Theopen-mindednessofthemassestootherpeopleisbeneficialtomutualunderstanding,removalofcontradictionsandexpansionofcommunicationsinotherfields.

　　Researcher,MarvinWingfield（2001）donearesearchon“ImageCognitionontheArabsbyAmericanIntellectual”s.ThisresearchemphasizesthediscriminationandprejudiceagainsttheArabsandMuslimexistingamongAmericanintellectualsinvariousfields.ThecircumstancebecomesworseaftertheoccurrenceofSeptember11thevent.TheresearchalsoshowsthatAmericanpreschoolersdonotrecognizethephenomenonofsmearingtheimageoftheArabsgenerallyexistinginAmericansociety.

　　ResearchontheconstructionofimagecognitionbyHongyingWangintheyear2001,“ConstructionofNationalImage:

ResearchonContemporaryChina”,adoptsgametheory.Heemphasizesthatallcountriesmakeeffortstomaintaintheirimagesbeforethepublicintheworld,suchaseffortsmadebyHungarytojoininEuropeanUnion,effortsmadebyMalaysiaandTaiwantoacceleratetheireconomicinterestsinforeigncountriesandcompensationwiththeamountoffivemillionGermanmarksmadebyGermanyaftertheSecondWorldWartomaintainitsinterestsinthecountriesoftheworldandAmericainparticular.　　AimingattheconstructionofimageofChinese,Wang（2001）pointedoutthattheconceptofconstructinganationalimageemergesbeforetheestablishmentofthemoderncountry.TheresearchersstudiedthemeetingminutesoftheCommunistPartyofChinafrom1954to1998andsummarizedthattheCommunistPartyofChinamakeseffortstoconstructthegreatimageofChinesepeoplelovingpeace,theimageofvictimunderimperialismandhegemoniesandthedeveloping,independent,strivingimageofChinesepeoplesupportingnationalliberationandhavingcollaborationconsensus.

　　TheresearchreportofTurkishscholarIbrahimDaguge（2001）on“TheTurksintheHeartoftheArabs”alsoisveryimportant.Throughtheresearchon200ArabianelitesofTurkishdescent,thereportanalyzes13ArabianimagesandthinksthattheArabslivingintheeasternpartofthecountryhaveabadimpressionontheTurkswhiletheArabslivinginthewesternpartofthecountryhaveagoodimpressionontheTurks.ThenegativeimageoftheTurksmainlycomesfromtheimageofmilitarytotalitarianrule.Theconstructionofthisimagehasthreeapproaches:

newspaper,coursesintheschoolandcontactexperiencewithotherpeople.

　　Byreviewingpreviousresearchesofsomeresearchers,wecouldgetthefollowingtwoconclusions:

　　（a）Theresearchesshowthattheculturalbackgroundhasimportantfunctioninconstructingtheimagecognitionofthemasses.Furthermore,theculturaltransmissionhelpsthemassestoconstructnewimagecognition.Therefore,wecanseetheimportanceofculturaltransmissionandtheimportantpositionofculturaltransmissionchannelsinthepolitical,economicandsociallife.

　　（b）ThoughtherelationsbetweenChinaandArabiabecomemoreandmoreimportant,thereisalackofresearchonmutualimagecognitionofChinesepeopleandtheArabsuptopresent.

　　5.SCOPEOFTHERESEARCH

　　Thisresearchcarriedout