以色列高新技术产业五十年的卓越外文翻译.docx
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以色列高新技术产业五十年的卓越外文翻译
本科毕业论文外文翻译
外文题目:
TheIsraelHighTech-Industy-FiftyYearsofExcellence
出处:
IsraelMnistryOfRoreignAffairs
作者:
NissoCohen
TheIsraelHigh-TechIndustry-FiftyYearsofExcellence
ByNissoCohen
Israelshigh-techindustryisexperiencinganunprecedentedrateofgrowthwhichbeganintheearly1990s.Itsgrowthisevidencedbothintotalsales-1997salestotaled$7.2billion,agrowthof10.7%over1996-andinexports-$5.6billionin1997,agrowthof14.2%over1996.Thisisinacountrywithatotalpopulationoflessthansixmillion;GDP(1996)of$92.3billion;andexports(goodsandservices,1996)of$31.3billion.
Moreover,advancedtechnologiesdevelopedinIsraelareingreatdemand,andmanyIsraeli-developedapplicationscannowbefoundintheproductsofmulti-nationalcompaniesinthecommunications,computers,informationsystems,medicine,optics,consumergoodsandsoftwaresectors.
Origins
TheIsraelhigh-techindustrywasbornwiththeStateofIsrael.In1948,thenewly-createdIsraelDefenseForcesestablishedabranchcalledtheScienceCorps.Thecorpsdevelopednewarms,explosives,andavarietyofelectricandelectronicappliancesfortheIDF.Israelsmilitaryindustrydevelopedatarapidpace,meetingthecountrysneedsforarmamentsandtechnologieswhichitcouldnotobtainfromabroad.Duringthesameperiod,IsraeldevelopedwhatweretobecomethebestinstitutionsofeducationandscientificresearchintheMiddleEast.TheyincludetheTechnion-IsraelInstituteofTechnologyinHaifa,theWeizmannInstituteofScienceinRehovot,theHebrewUniversityinJerusalem,anduniversitiesinHaifa,BeerSheba,TelAvivandRamatGan.Intheearlysixties,Israelenteredthenuclearerawiththeestablishmentoftwonuclearresearchplants.
ThefirstIsraelicomputerwasdevelopedandassembledintheearlyfiftiesattheWeizmannInstitute.Golem("dummy")wasanall-tubecomputer,similartothefirstcomputersdevelopedintheUSintheforties.Inthelatefiftiesandearlysixties,therewerealreadyseveralmainframecomputersinIsrael,purchasedfromIBMandPhilco.Thosecomputerswereusedprimarilybygovernmentministriesandinstitutions,universitiesandanumberofbanks.Inthelatesixtiesandearlyseventies,mainframeandminicomputerspenetratedthefinancialandbusinesssectors.Duringtheeighties,manyIsraelisacquiredpersonalcomputers.
TheHigh-TechIndustry
OnefactorintheexceptionalgrowthrateinthisindustryinrecentyearsisIsraelspercentageofengineers,theworldshighest,with135engineersper10,000persons,ascomparedto85per10,000personsintheUnitedStates.AnotherfactorhasbeenthemanythousandsofskilledengineersandtechnicianswhohaveimmigratedfromtheformerSovietUnionsince1989.
Moreover,advancedtechnologiesthatwereoriginallydevelopedandutilizedformilitarypurposesarenowbeingusedfordevelopingcommercialproductsforcivilianuse.WiththedownsizingofIsraelsdefenseindustry-asa"peacedividend"-thousandsofskilledpersonnelhaveleftthedefenseindustrysince1988.Manyofthemwereabsorbedintothecivilianmarketplace,whileothersformedstart-upcompanieswhichlaterbecamesuccessfulhigh-techfirms.
TheongoingsuccessoftheIsraelihigh-techindustryisreflectedinthelocalandforeignstockmarkets.In1996Israelifirmsprovidedthethirdlargestnumberofinitialpurchaseofferings(IPOs)ontheNASDAQ(over-the-counterstockexchange)inNewYork,aftertheUSandCanada,andthesecondlargestnumberofIPOsontherelativelynewAIM(AlternativeInvestmentMarket)inLondon(aftertheUK).ManyleadingAmericaninvestmenthousesandventurecapitalfundshaveestablishedapresenceinIsraelinordertosupportIsraelihigh-techfirmsandbenefitfromthecurrentboom.
Israelsleadersareproudofthecountryshigh-tech"label"andpromoteit.Theresultisthatthecountryisparticularlyinterestedincooperationwithforeigninvestorsinthehigh-techfields,morethanwithinvestorsinotherareas.
AuniqueIsraeliphenomenonistheofficeoftheChiefScientistattheMinistryofIndustryandTrade,whichdistributesgrantstotalingnearly$400milliontovariousR&Dprojects.TheprojectsthatsucceedareexpectedtopayroyaltiestotheChiefScientistsofficeforanumberofyears.
DomesticTechnologicalAdvancement
IsraelhasfirmlyestablisheditselfasthemostcomputerizedcountryintheMiddleEast;itevensurpassessomeWesternEuropeannations.In1997,morethan250,000personalcomputersweresoldinIsrael,comparedto102,000soldinEgypt(withapopulationofsome60million)andjustunder300,000inTurkey(withapopulationofsome65million).
IsraelalsoleadstheMiddleEastwiththehighestpenetrationrateofPCsinprivatehomes.Thereisapersonalcomputerinnearlyoneoutoftwohouseholds,aratiosimilartothatoftheUnitedStates,CanadaandaveryfewEuropeanandFarEasterncountries.Inrecentyears,theeducationsystemhaspurchasedtensofthousandsofcomputersforusebystudents,fromkindergartenthroughuniversityage.
Comparedtootherso-calledhigh-tech'tigers',suchasKorea,MalaysiaandTaiwan,Israelisuniqueinthatitisa"true"high-techcountry,withahighlydevelopeddomesticmarketforcomputingandtelecommunications.Israelisalsoa"quickadopter"ofadvancedtechnologies.Localexpenditureoninformationtechnologyisestimatedat$2.4billionin1997,withasteadygrowthof12-15%annually.Worldwide,expenditureoninformationtechnologyreachesabout$700billion,witha5-yearcompoundannualgrowthrateofabout10%.
TelecommunicationsInfrastructure
In1984agovernment-ownedcompany-Bezeq-tookoverthetelephoneandtelecommunicationsservices,whichhadpreviouslybeensuppliedbyadepartmentoftheMinistryofCommunications.Sincethen,thetelecommunicationsinfrastructureinIsraelhasdevelopedatarapidpace,andistodayconsideredtobeoneofthemosthighlyadvancedsystemsintheregion,providingfulldigitalservicethroughoutthecountry,advanceddatacommunications,integratedservicesdigitalnetworks(ISDN),asynchronoustransfermode(ATM),andfiber-opticandsatelliteservices.ItisclearthatthedevelopmentoftelecommunicationsserviceshascontributedsignificantlytothedevelopmentofIsraelshigh-techindustry.
High-TechExports
Israelsfirsthigh-techexportswereproducedbydefenseindustriessuchastheIsraelAircraftIndustriesandRafael,aswellasbydefenseindustrysub-contractors.Thesefirmsproducedelectronicdefenseproductswithadvancedtechnologies,meantforusebytheIDF.
Demandfor"proveninbattle"productsfromIsraelledtoadevelopingexportindustryofdefense-relatedproducts.todaythisisstillarelativelylargepercentageofhigh-techexports.
StudieshaveshownthatR&D-intensive,high-techcompanieshavebeenamajorfactorinthegrowthofexportsovertheyears,especiallyinelectronics,optics,electro-optics,lasers,computer-basedequipment,roboticsandaeronautics.
Moreover,inthelasttwodecadesIsraelidevelopmentshavecontributedsignificantlytothefollowinginformationtechnologyandtelecommunicationsindustries:
WirelessCommunications(voiceanddata)AdvancedDataCommunicationsTechnologies(ATM,IDSL,SDH)AdvancedLANTechnologies(ATM,FastEthernet,FDDI,ISDN)SatelliteVSAT(VerySmallApertureTerminal)VoiceMailandRelatedVoiceManipulationTechnologiesDSP-DigitalSignalProcessingTechnologiesandProductsEncryptionandDataSecurityAnti-VirusTechnologiesSoftwareUtilitiesforMainframeandMid-RangeComputers(includingyear2000problemsolvingutilities)DatabasesforMainframeandMid-RangeComputersInternetTechnologiesInternetProductsEducationalSoftwareandMultimediaGraphicArtsandColorPrintingTechnologiesBillingSoftwareforTelephoneandCellularOperatorsSemiconductorDevelopmentandPost-ProductionInspectionToolsCAD,CAM,andCAE.
InternationalFirmsinIsrael
Ithastakenseveralyearsforthemanagementofinternationalhigh-techfirmstodecidetoutilizeIsraelsadvantagesasanoperationsbase.Ofcourse,eventsintheMiddleEastplayadecisiveroleininternationalbusinessstrategies.ThecontinuingpeaceprocesswiththePalestinians,since1993,hasencouragedmanyinternationalfirmstoestablishoperationsand/orconductbusinessinIsrael.
TherehasbeenaUSpresenceinIsrael,though,forthreedecades.Twohigh-techgiants-IBMandMotorola-establishedlocalsubsidiariesforsalesandtechnicalsupportinthe1960s;overtimethelocalplantsevolvedintofullresearchanddevelopmentfacilities.MotorolatooktheprocessonestepfurtherandestablishedoneofitslargestmanufacturingfacilitiesinArad,neartheDeadSea.Duringthelate1970sIntelCorporationbeganoperationsinIsrael.Today,IntelsactivitiesrangefromR&D(inHaifa)towafermanufacturing(Fab8inJerusalem);andaplantdesignatedFab18underconstructioninKiryatGat.
Israelishighlyregardedasalocationforbranchesofforeignfirms.Benefitsincludehighly-skilledengineers,goodgeographiclocationandsometaxandcustombenefits,whichenableUSfirmstosellproductsmanufacturedinIsraeltoEuropeanmarketswithoutpayingduty.Moreover,thegovernmentofIsraelisconsideredagenerouspartnerforforeigninvestorswhoestablishoperationsinthenorthernorthesouthernpartsofthecountry.Governmentassistancecanbeintheformofacashrefundorlong-termtax-waivers.
InIsrael,thepresenceofinternationalfirmsissomewhatofacontroversy.Opponentsinlocalindustryclaimthatforeignfirmsgainresources